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Psych: Chap 1
words used only in chap 1 of psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | the scientific study of mind and behavior |
| Mind | private inner experience |
| Behavior | observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals |
| Structuralism | analyze the mind by breaking it down into it’s basic components |
| Functionalism | study how mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments |
| Nativism | view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn |
| Rene Descartes | French philosopher that argued for dualism between mind and body |
| Phrenology | a now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain |
| Philosophical empiricism | view that all knowledge is acquired through experience |
| Franz Joseph Gall | Phrenology |
| Phrenology | a now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain |
| Pierre Flourens | surgically removed brain pieces of animals; argued against Gall’s methods |
| Paul Broca | studied brain damaged patients (left frontal lobe) to link localization to ability |
| Physiology | study of biological processes, especially in the human body |
| Hermann von Helmholtz | Stimulus and reaction time |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Consciousness, structuralism, introspection |
| Consciousness | a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind |
| Structuralism | the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind |
| Introspection | the subjective observation of one’s own experience |
| Edward Titchener | brings structuralism to the U.S. |
| William James | fist to take scientific approach to study Psychology; wrote The Principles of Psychology; functionalism |
| Charles Darwin | wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; Natural Selection |
| Natural Selection | the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations |
| G. Stanley Hall | set up first psychological laboratory in North America; founded the American Journal of Psychology |
| Jean-Martin Charcot | studied hysteric patients through hypnosis |
| Hysteria | a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences |
| Sigmund Freud | Unconscious, psychoanalytic theory, psychoanalysis |
| Unconscious | the part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions |
| Psychoanalytic theory | approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors |
| Psychoanalysis | a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders |
| Abraham Maslow & Rogers | Humanistic psychology |
| Humanistic psychology | an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings (self-actualization) in response to Freud’s negative view on people |
| Behaviorism | an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior (ex: response time); result of external stimuli |
| John Watson | goal to predict and control behavior through the study of observable behavior; Father of beahvior; Little Albert case |
| Margaret Washburn | studied behavior in different animal species; published The Animal Mind |
| Ivan Pavlov | studied the psychology of digestion and founded classical conditioning (stimulus-response) |
| Response | an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus |
| B.F. Skinner | published The Behavior of Organisms, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, Walden II; reinforcement; free will |
| Gestalt psychology | a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts |
| Sir Frederic Bartlett | memory recall is flawed so we reconstruct the event |
| Jean Piaget | studied cognitive development in children |
| Cognitive psychology | the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning |
| Gordon Allport | studied stereotyping, prejudice, and racism as perceptual errors |
| Absolutionism | culture makes little difference on psychology |
| Relativism | psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across cultures |
| Mary Calkins | first APA president |
| Kenneth Clark | first african american APA president |
Created by:
shinnickn
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