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68wm6 p2 U.R.D.
Upper Respiratory Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are adrenergics? | Drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that uses epinephrine or epinephrine-like substance |
| What is the therapeutic use of adrenergics? | Bronchodilators |
| Are adrenergics a short term or long term control of bronchospasms? | Short term |
| What are anticholinergic drugs? | Drugs that block the action of acetylcholine and similar substances at acetylcholine receptors, resulting in inhibition of the transmission of parasympatheric nerve impulse |
| What does acetylcholine control? | bodily functions not under voluntarily control, including sweating, balancing, pupil dilation, contraction of bladder muscles, digestion and salivation |
| How do decongestants open nasal passages, regardless of the cause? | By shrinking blood vessels. |
| How much blood can adults lose from severe nasal hemorrhage (epistaxis)? | One liter of blood per hour |
| What is the medical management of epistaxis? | *Nasal packing with cotton saturated with Epinephrine 1:1000 *Cautery (electrical or chemical) *Posterior packing |
| How should you place a PT with epistaxis? | Place in sitting position, leaning forward |
| What are nasal polyps? | Tissue growths on the nasal tissues, caused by prolonged sinus inflammation |
| What are the clinical manifistations of a deviated septum and of nasal polyps? | *Stertorous breathing *Dyspnea *Postnasal drip |
| A surgical correction for deviated septum involving reconstruction, alignment and straightening of the nasal septum | Nasoseptoplasty |
| A surgical correction for nasal polyps involving the surgical removal of polyps. | Polypectomy |
| What is allergic rhinitis? | Atopic allergic condition as a result of antigen-antibody reactions occurring in the nasal membranes, nasopharynx, and conjunctiva from inhaled or contact allergens |
| True or False: Allergic rhinitis is a year round condition which requires regular medication. | False. May be seasonal or perennial condition |
| What are the symptoms of allergic rhinitis? | *Ciliary action slows *Mucosal gland secretion increases *Local tissue edema due to leukocyte infiltration |
| List 3 clinical manifistations of allergic rhinitis. | *Edema *Photophobia *Excessive tearing *Blurring of vision *Pruritus *Excessive secretions *Inability to breathe through the nose |
| Untreated allergic rhinitis can lead to what? | *Otitis media *Bronchitis *Sinusitis *Pneumonia |
| What are the diagnostic tests used to test for allergic rhinitis? | *Physical exam (pale mucosa of the turbines) *Allergen skin testing *Serum radioallergosorbent test (RAST): A blood allergen test. |
| What is used to treat the motion sickness triggered by allergies? | Dimenhydrinate and meclizine. |
| What is diphenhydramine used to treat in PTs with allergies? | Insomnia and parkinsons-like symptoms. |
| True or False: Anti-histamines work by blocking histamine release. | False. Antihistamines block the effects of histamine at the histamine receptor sites. They do NOT block histamine release, antibody production, or antigen-antibody reactions |
| Antihistamines May have anticholinergic (acetylcholine antagonist) properties and may cause; | *Constipation *Dry eyes *Dry mouth *Blurred vision *Sedation |
| What are the contraindications of antihistamines? | *Hypersensitivity *Narrow-angle glaucoma *Premature or newborn infants |
| Antihistamines have an increased risk of CNS depression when taken with what? | Other antihistamines, alcohol, opioid analgesics, and sedative/hypnotics. |
| Anticholinergic effects of antihistamines are increased when taken with what? | Tricyclic antidepressants, quinidine, or disopyramide. |
| What intensifies the anticholinergic effects of antihistamines when taken with them? | MOA inhibitors |
| How much fluid intake per day should the PT have while taking antihistamines to decrease viscosity of bronchial secretions? | 1500L - 2000L per day. |
| How long before departure should antihistamines be taken to precipitate motion sickness? | At least 30 minutes before, preferably 1hr - 2hrs before |
| How long before bedtime should antihistamines be taken when used for insomnia? | 20 minutes |
| How should PO antihistamines be administered? | With meals or milk. |
| What is the action of decongestants? | produces vasoconstriction (rapid, long-acting) of arterioles, thereby decreasing fluid exudation, mucosal engorgement by stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors in the vascular smooth muscle. |
| What are the contraindications of decongestants? | *Hypersensitivity. *Acute attacks of asthma. *Lactation. |
| List 3 precautions of decongestants? | *Narrow-angle glaucoma *Liver disease *Geriatrics *Hyperthyroidism *Hypertension *Pregnancy *Children < 12 yrs old (safety not established). |
| How long should decongestant nose drops be used? | No more than 3 days |
| What should be done when nasal burning/stinging becomes severe with topical nasal decongestants? | Discontinue use |
| What should the PT do after administration of a nasal decongestant spray? | Sit upright and sniff hard for a few minutes. |
| What is a common side effect of decongestants? | Hypertension |
| 90% of larynx cancer occures in who, and why? | Men, due to alcohol and tobacco use. |
| What is an early sign of cancer of the larynx? | Progressive or persistent hoarseness, usually greater than 2 weeks. |
| What does metastasis of larynx cancer include? | Pain in the larynx radiating to ear |
| List 3 clinical manifistations of larynx cancer | *Progressive or persistent hoarseness *Metastasis *Dysphagia *Lump in throat *Enlarged cervical lymph nodes |
| How should a laryngeal cancer PT be fed? | Tube feedings |
| What should the nurse expect to find upon visual examination of the throat in a PT with rhinitis? | Erythema and/or edema |
| What can cause tonsilitis? | *Air or foodborne bacterial infection *Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus |
| Who is tonsilitis most common in? | School-age children |
| List 3 clinical manifestations of tonsilitis | *Sore throat *Fever *Chills *Malaise *Enlarged tonsils with purulent exudate |
| What pains, aside from throat, can accompany tonsillitis? | Ear and joint pain, and headache |
| What is the most common form of throat inflammation? | Pharyngitis |
| Though most cases of pharyngitis are viral in origen, what else can it be caused by? | Hemolytic strep, staph or other bacteria |
| What is the severe form of pharyngitis known as? | Strep throat |
| How long after the onset of s/s is strep throat contagious? | 2-3 days |
| What can the nurse do for a PT with strep throat? | *Provide warm saline gargles *Assess level of pain and offer medications *Offer frequent oral care |
| How long do the symptoms of strep throat last? | 4-6 days |
| What are the clinical manifestations of sinusitis? | *Constant severe headache *Pain and tenderness in affected area *Purulent exudate |
| What operation is performed to removed disease tissue from sinusitis? | Caldwell-Luc operation |
| Untreated sinusitis can lead to what? | Spread of infection to bone, brain, meninges, and develop meningitis, osteomyelitis or septicemia |
| What is laryngitis secondary to? | Laryngitis is secondary to other respiratory disorders and often accompanies viral or bacterial infections. |
| Laryngitis can cause severe respiratory distress in who? | Children. |
| What is adenoiditis? | Inflammation of lymphatic tissue |
| Adenoiditis is secondary to what? | Other airway infections |
| What does adenoiditis result in? | Acute or chronic ear infections |
| How do the tonsils appear in a PT with adenoiditis? | Enlarged and reddened with patchy exudate |
| When should post-op bleeding be reported to the physician immediately? | first 12-24 hours post-op and then 7-10 days post-op |
| What is a peritonsillar abscess? | an abscess that develops in connective tissue around the tonsil |
| What does a peritonsillar abscess result from? | Sever staph/strep infections of the tonsils. |
| How should a PT with peritonsillar abscess be placed? | Semi-fowlers |
Created by:
Shanejqb
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