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Aristotle 384 BC
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Herophilus 200 BC
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History of ERT
Enhanced Reproductive Technologies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aristotle 384 BC | "Generation of Animals" -first comprehensive treatise on reproduction -fetus from menstrual blood -started epigenesist (parts come from each gender and each had to be stimulated) vs. preformation arguement. |
| Herophilus 200 BC | "female testis" -saw that animals had some form of testis |
| Arabian Horse Breeders 1300 | -folk tale -steal Arab horses to insult Arab chief, stole semen & put in female=offspring looked like stallion -beginning of AI??? |
| Gabriello Fallopius 1500 | -fallopian tubes -described the oviduct -Looked at Herophilus -saw the tube coming off the testis. |
| Coiter 1573 | discovered and described the corpeus luteum (residual of ovulating follicle) -Looked at ovary and saw bumps CL |
| Nicolas 1664 | -drew a picture of a sperm with a preformed human structure -homunculus |
| Sterno 1667 | observation that ovary was female teste |
| Francesco Redi 1668 | -disproved Aristotle's theories (meat in jars) and put forth theory of epigenesis (progressive growth) -maggots, cheese cloth, deposit eggs -re-examining early ideas. |
| De Graaf 1672 | Graafian antral follicle (big cavity-contains egg-prior to ovulation) & ova in rabbit oviducts -function following form |
| Ham & van Leeuwenhoek 1677 | -microscope-human (ability to see more) -sperm animacules (parasites living in semen having nothing to do w/reproduction) -later believed in preformation school |
| Casper Wolf 1759 | -epigenesis theory -used chich embryo to destroy the preformation theory -parts of chick embryo take shape, develop into parts. |
| John Hunter 1776 | human AI? and studied development of child from fetus to birth -not a good connection (human physician) |
| Spallanzani 1780 | canine AI (sperm were fertilizing agents) -Father of modern AI. -1st evidence of sperm in reproduction -filtered toad semen would not fertilize eggs. |
| Spallanzani 1803 | cooled spermatozoa - Canine AI Great deal of success -only limited viability -used snow to cool to preserve to transport. |
| Dumas 1825 | -proved sperm necessary for fertilization of rabbit oocytes (not parasites) -needed sperm and oocytes for reproduction. |
| von Baer 1827 | -identified ovum in follicle -never knew there was an egg. Only knew egg from ovary and ovaduct no idea about being in a follicle until ____ |
| Dumas 1827 | -ovum and sperm unite in oviduct -fertilization |
| Schwann 1839 | -recognized the egg was a cell -1st observation |
| Avon Kolliker 1840's | -described the formation of sperm within the testis -believed the sperm excited the egg to develop. |
| Pasteur 1864 | destroyed theory of spontanious generation |
| Oscar Hertwig 1876 | demonstrated sperm entry into egg (each cell contributes a single cell using sea urchins |
| van Beneden 1883 | 1st described the behavior of chromosomes in fertilized eggs (nematodes) |
| Everette Milais 1884 | -commercial canine AI -helped others get their hunting canines bred. |
| Roux 1888 | -father of experimental biology -experiments using partial frog eggs to monitor embryo development -destruction of 1 cell of 2 cell embryo -1/2embryo -transpotent (blasomere) |
| Walter Heape 1897 | rabbit embryo transfer -collect from donor, into recipient to have another mother for the offspring -insertion of semen caused ovulation. |
| Driesch 1900 | -life from single cells -"daughter cells" of fertilized eggs from sea urchins -final proof of life developing from a single cell. |
| Ivanoff 1900 | bovine, ovine and equine AI -Zarr, Russian, war horses |
| Heape 1905 | gonadal activity is dependent on generative ferment produced by non gonadal source -endocrinolgy, hormones |
| Bayliss and Starling 1905 | "hormone theory" -certain tissues in body create chemicals that are produced throughout the body for reproduction. Haven't found yet, just a theory. |
| Stevens & WIlson 1905 | -sex determination with chromosomes -determined males decide sex of offspring (XY) |
| Marshall 1910 | classic "Physiology of Reproduction" -1st textbook |
| Marshall and Hammond 1912 | "The Breeding Industry" -drew attention to various factors affecting reproductive efficiency in farm animals -talked about nutrition, temperature, seasonality to breed animals to our betterment. |
| Japanese 1914 | AI horses-wanted horses for their emperor. |
| Amantea 1914 | AV-Artificial vagina- to collect ejaculate -developed in dogs bc of libido -change size, can do any male |
| Allen and Doisey 1922 | -isolated estrogen -out of ovary -gonads produce hormones as well |
| Gallagher & Koch 1928 | isolated testosterone -out of testes -gonads produce hormones as well |
| Nicholas 1933 | -embryo transfer in rat -try to understand cycle of female |
| Commercial AI cooperative 1936 | Denmark -bovine AI cooperative -sell semen, can take superior gametes to produce superior offspring. |
| E.J. Perry U.S. 1938 | -brought bovine AI cooperative to U.S. -not everyone could afford semen so pool funds and distribute semen. |
| Electroejaculators 1940 | -ejaculation is a reflex effect(spinal cord) -place electric shock in rectum =get ejaculate |
| Phillips & Lardy 1940's | -ejaculate phosphate diluent -tried to improve quality to extend the viability of semen |
| Sorensen 1940 | -glass ampule semen storage -eventually replaced by straws |
| Salisbury 1941 | -Na citrate diluent (dilutes semen) -can see sperm now, can evaluate for viability |
| Almquist 1942 | Penicillin -if the process wasn't clean in obtaining the ejaculate, then microbes would be placed in females. |
| Parks & Polge | -cyroperservation-glycerol -snow would kill sperm w/ice crystals. so substitute water w/ glycerol and perserves longer. ~5K-6K years (half-life) -only that long because of gamma rays and electrons...amt of DNA that can be damaged. |
| Warwick & Berry 1949 | Embryo transfer in sheep and goats |
| Yallow 1950 | RIA assay -radioimmunoassay -regulate hormone concentrations @ any given time. |
| Chang 1951 | sperm capacitation |
| Willett 1951 | ET in cattle |
| Marden & Chang 1952 | -1st international shipment of cooled embryos |
| American Breeders service (ABS)1957 | -liquid nitrogen -system transfer semen-onto farm-tanks-farmers can thaw when needed |
| Chang 1959 | -birth of IVF rabbits -bind sperm and egg in test tube |
| Continental straw 1964 | 1.2cc |
| French straw 1964 | .5cc |
| Mini straw 1968 | .25cc |
| Wittingham 1968 | IVF of murine oocytes |
| Graham 1969 | cell fusion as an approach to inserting donor nucleus for cloning embryos. -nucleus from cell to another cell w.a removed nucleus, can take over the cell (cloning method) |
| Alberta Livestock Transplant 1971 | 1st commercial ET company for farm animals |
| Whittingham 1972 | 1st frozen murine embryos (long term) |
| Wilmut & Rowson | "Frosty" -1st frozen calf born |
| IETS formed 1974 | J. of Theriogenolgy |
| 1976 | non-surgical collection of bovine embryos -no limit now, don't have to wait for animal to fully heal |
| Iritani & Niwa 1977 | IVF of IVM bovine oocytes (Japan) -don't have to wait for female to ovulate. |
| Steptoe and Edwards..Louise Brown 1978 | IVF human- "first test-tube baby" |
| Gorden 1980 | 1st transgenic(genes of another species) -SV40 DNA injected into mouse embryo. -learned to inject certain virus -ca place an awesome gene into to create a superior breed. |
| Brackett 1981 | 1st IVF calf born from ovulated mature oocyte |
| Willadsen | chimera (mouse) -2animals brought together by 2 embryos cut in half -DNAS don't combine. -GEET. male could inseminate female goat and sheep. |
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