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DevPsych Ch.5
Physical Development in Infancy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the cephalocaudal pattern | the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom; also occurs in head area. |
| the proximodistal pattern | the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities |
| Shaken Baby Syndrome | brain swelling, hemorrhaging; it affects hundred of babies in the U.S. each year. |
| forebrain | portion furthest away from spinal cord |
| cerebral cortex | covers forebrain; two halves |
| frontal lobes | involved in involuntary movement, thinking, personality, memory, emotion, sustained attention, and intentionality/purpose |
| occipital lobes | vision function |
| temporal lobes | active role in hearing, language processing, and memory |
| parietal lobes | important roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control |
| lateralization | specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other |
| neurons | nerve cells that handle information processing; send electrical and chemical signals to communicate with each other |
| myelin sheath | a layer of fat cells that encases many axons; insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster |
| synapses | tiny gaps between neurons' fibers; chemical interactions within these gaps connect axons and dendrites |
| myelination | the process of encasing axons with fat cells; starts in the prenatal term and continues through adolescence |
| prefrontal cortex | the are of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur |
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause; highest cause of infant death in U.S. |
| marasmus | caused by a severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in a wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year |
| kwashiorkor | caused by severe protein deficiciency; appears between 1 and 3 years of age; appear well fed even though they are not because the child's abdomen and feet begin to swell with water; vital organs collect nutrients and hold them away from other body parts |
| maturation | the unfolding of a genetic plan through which motor development comes about |
| dynamic systems theory | infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting; infants must see/perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act |
| reflexes | built-in reactions to stimuli; govern movements automatic and beyond control; genetically carried survival mechanisms |
| rooting reflex | occurs when infant's cheeek is stroked or side of mouth is touched |
| sucking relfex | occurs when a newborn automatically sucks an object placed in its mouth |
| Moro reflex | |
| the Babinski reflex | infants fan out their toes and twist their foot inward when the sole of their foot is stroked; disappears after 9 months - 1 year |
| the grasping reflex | occurs when something touches the infant's palms |
| gross motor skills | skills that involve large-muscle activities such as moving one's arms and walking |
| fine motor skills | skils that involve finely tuned movements |
| the palmer grasp | the initial instinct of an infant to grasp with whole hand |
| the pincer grip | the forefinger-to-thumb method of grasping that evolves at the end of the first year |
| sensation | occurs when information reacts with sensory receptors (eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin) |
| perception | the interpretation of what is sensed |
| ecological view | perception functions to bring organisms in contact with the environment and to increase adaptation |
| affordances | opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities |
| size constancy | the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward/away from it |
| shape constancy | the recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes |
| intermodal perception | integrating information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing |
Created by:
lmr268
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