Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Behavioral
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Case control study | A study that compares a group of people affected with a disease to a group without the disease (objective and retrospective) |
| Odds ratio (ex: pts with COPD have higher odds of having a histroy of smoking) | What measure can a case control study tell you? |
| Cohort study | Study that compares a given risk factor to a group without the risk factor (assesses whether risk factor increases likelihood of disease, objective and prospective) |
| Relative risk (smokers have higher risk of developing COPD than nonsmokers) | What measure can a cohort study tell you? |
| Cross sectional study (doesn't establish a risk factor causality) | Study that assesses frequency of disease (and risk factors) at a particular point in time |
| Disease prevalence | What measure can a cross sectional study tell you? |
| Heritability | What does twin concordance study measure? |
| Heritability and environmental influence | What does an adoption study measure? |
| Phase I | Small number of healthy volunteers. Assesses safty, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. |
| Phase II | Small number of diseased patients. Assesses efficacy, dosing and adverse effects. |
| Phase III | Compares the new treatment to the current standard of care. Uses a large number of patients. |
| Meta-analysis (increases the power of the study) | Pooled data from several studies integrated. |
| Quality of individual studies and bias | What is meta analysis limited by? |
| Total cases in a given population at a given time / total at risk population (how many people at a single point in time have the disease) | Prevalence |
| New cases during a given time period / total at risk population during that same time period | Incidence |
| Prevalence | Incidence X disease duration |
| a/(a+c) or 1-false negative rate | Sensitivity equation |
| Sensitivity (1 | low false negative rate) |
| Specificity (1 | low false positive rate) |
| d/(d+b) or 1 - false positive | Specificity equation |
| a/(a+b) | Positive predictive value equation |
| Positive predictive value (probablity that person with positive test actually has the disease) | Proportion of positive test results that are true positives |
| Negative predictive value (probability that a persond oesn't have the disease if they give a negative test) | Proportion of test results that are true negative |
| d/(c+d) | Negative predictive value equation |
| (a/b)/(c/d) | Odds ratio equation |
| Odds ratio | Chances of having a disease in an exposed group compared to an unexposed group |
| [a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)] | Relative risk equation |
| Relative risk | Probability of getting a disease in an exposed group compared to an unexposed group |
| [a/(a+b)] - [c/(c+d)] | Attributable risk equation |
| Attributable risk | The proportion of disease occurences that are a result of exposure to a risk factor |
| Precision | Consistency and reproducability of a test. |
| Random | Type of error that reduces precision in a test |
| Systematic | Type of error tat reduces accuracy in a test |
| Accuracy | Trueness of test measurements (validity) |
| Selection bias | Caused by nonrandom assignment to a study group |
| Recall bias | Caused by altered recall by subjects caused by knowing they have the disorder |
| Sampling bias | Caused by subjects being not representative of the population |
| Late-look bias | Caused by information being gathered at an innapropriate time |
| Procedure bias | Caused by subjects in different groups not being treated the same. |
| 1. blind studies (double blind | best) 2. placebos 3. crossover studies 4. randomization |
| Crossover study | Each subject acts as their own control (each pt gets placebo and treatment at some point) |
| Bimodal | A statistical distribution with two humps |
| Gaussian | Normal bell shaped curve (mean |
| Positive skew | Asymetric distribution with tail on right (mean > median > mode) |
| Negative skew | Asymetric distribution with tail on the left (mean < median < mode) |
| Null hypothesis (H0) | Hypothesis that states there is no correlation |
| Alternative hypothesis (H1) | Hypothesis that there is some correlation |
| Type I error (alpha) | Stating that there is an effect when none exists (accepting an expirimental hypothesis when the null is true) |
| Type II error (beta) | Stating there is not an effect when one exists (failure to reject null hypothesis when it's false) |
| Probability of making a type one error is judged against alpha (a preset level of significance usually <.05) | Calculating probablity of making a type one error (p) |
| B (Beta) | The probabiliy of making a type one error |
| Power | 1 - Beta |
| 1. total number of end points 2. difference in compliance (difference in mean values between groups) 3. size of expected effect | Three things that effect power |
| Increase sample size | How do you increase power? |
| n | Variable used for sample size in biostatistics |
| Sigma | Variable used for standard deviation in biostatistics |
| SEM | (standard error of the mean, [sigma / sqrt(n)]) the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean |
| Sampling distribution of the mean (SEM or Z) | The range of means you might get if you averaged a subpopulation of values from a bigger population (will be slightly different than the whole populations mean due to chance) |
| SEM < sigma; as n increases, SEM decreases | Relationships of SEM to standard deviation and sample size |
| 68% | Population range that falls within 1 SD of the mean |
| 95% | Population range that falls within 2 SD of the mean |
| 99.7% | Population range that falls within 3 SD of the mean |
| Confidence interval | A range of numbers that encompasses the value that would be obtained if an experiment was performed many times (necessary because the valuemight change slightly each time) (a range from mean - Z to mean + Z; where Z is SEM; 95% (CI) |
| t-test (Mr. T is mean) | Checks the difference between the means of two groups |
| ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance) | Checks the difference between the means of 3 or more groups |
| x2 test | A test that compares different percentages or proportions |
| Correlation coefficient (r) | A range from -1 to 1 that describes how well two variables correlate |
| Coefficient of determination (r2) | (correlation coefficient)2 |
| PDR (1. prevent, 2. detect, 3. reduce disability) | Mnemonic for stages of disease prevention |
| Hep, hep, hep, hooray, the SSSMMART Chick is Gone (hep a, b, c, HIV, Salmonella, shigella, syphilis, measles, mumps, aids, rubella, tuberculosis, chickenpox, gonorrhea) | Mnemonic for reportable diseases |
| MedicarE | Elderly, medicaiD |
| Medicare part A | hospital; Medicare part B |
| Autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice | Core ethical principles of healthcare |
| Physicians have a fiduciary (special ethical) duty to act in the patient's best interest, and allow them the right to make an informed decision if possible | Beneficence |
| "Do no harm" | Nonmaleficence |
| 1. discussion of pertinent information, 2. patient agrees with plan of care, 3. patient is free from coercion | Legal requirements of informed consent (3) |
| 1. Legally incompetent 2. Implied consent (emergency) 3. Therapeutic priveledge 4. Waiver | What are the 4 exceptions to informed consent |
| Therapeutic priviledge | Withholding information when disclosure would harm the patient or undermine the outcome |
| Minor is married or emancipated | When do you not need parental consent for a minor? |
| Only if the patient revokes the power. | In a written advance directive, when is the surrogate's power revoked? |
| 1. Potential harm to others 2. Likely to harm self 3. No alternative means to wanr/protect those at risk 4. Physician can prevent harm | What are the 4 exceptions to confidentiality |
| Tasaroff decision | Law requiring physician to directly inform and protect a potential victim from harm (even if it breaches confidentiality) |
| 1. the Dr had a duty to that patient 2. The doctor breached that duty 3. The patient suffered harm 4. The breach of duty caused the harm (4 D's | Duty, Dereliction, Damage, Direct) |
| Depends on the state | Can a teenager request an abortion? |
| 1. emergency situations 2. STD treatment 3. during pregnancy 4. drug addiction management 5. contraception | 5 times when parental consent is not required |
| Parents decidewhat a child will be told about their illness | Does a child have a right to know about their illness? |
| APGAR score | Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration (2 is perfect, 0 is nothing) |
| Low birth weight | < 2500 g at birth, increased incidence of infections, persistent fetal circulation, respiratory distress syndrome |
| Development from birth - 3 months | Rooting reflex |
| Development at 3 months | Hold head up, social smile, moro (startle) reflex disappears (baby holds his head up and smiles) |
| Development from 4-5 months | Rolls front to back, sits up when propped, recognizes people (baby recognizes mom as she props him up) |
| Development from 7-9 months | Sits alone, crawls, stranger anxiety |
| (baby crawls away from a stranger) | |
| Development from 12-14 months | Babinski disappears |
| Development at 15 months | Walks, few words, separation anxiety (child can walk and is experiencing rapprochement (goes from mom then returns)) |
| Development at year 1 | Climbs stairs, object permanence, stacks 3 cubes, rapprochement |
| Development at year 2 | Two-word sentences (telegraphic), stacks 6 blocks, 200 word vocab, says "no," names objects, transition objects (security blanket) |
| Development at year 3 | Complete sentences, stacks 9 blocks, 900 word vocab, rides tricycle, toilet training (pee at three) alternates feet upstairs, strangers can understand, can take turns, draws a circle (child goes to preschool) |
| Development at year 4 | Uses compound sentences and can tell stories, counts 3 objects, imagination and imaginary fears, alternates feet down stairs, draws a cross (then a rectangle at 4 1/2) |
| Development at year 5 | Asks the meaning of words, counts 10 objects, complete sphincter control, dresses and undresses, oedipal phase, conformity to peers important, brain 75% of adult size, draws a square (child goes to kindergarden) |
| Development from ages 6-12 | Refined motor skills, rides bicycle, rules of the game, demonstrates competence, law of conservation, develops conscience, shifts from egocentric speech |
| Development at > 12 years | Growth spurts, onset of sexual maturation, personal identity and conformity is important, personal speech patterns, systematic problem solving, handles hypotheticals |
| Changes in elderly | Slower erection, vaginal dryness, (dec) REM sleep, (inc) REM latency, (dec) incidence psychiatric illnesses, (inc) suicide, (dec) renal / GI function, (dec) muscle; (intelligence and sexual interest do not decrease) |
| Tanner stages of sexual development | 1. Childhood, 2. adrenarche (pubic hair), (inc) testes / breast size, 3. (inc) darkness of pubic hair, penis length, 4. development of glans, (inc penis length), raised areolae 5. Adult, areolae no longer raised |
| Normal grief symptoms | (lasts 6 months to 1 year) |
| Shock, denial, guilt, illusions | |
| Pathologic grief | (can last 1 year or be excessively intense) Depressive symptoms, delusions, hallucinations, can be caused if grief is denied or inhibited |
| Kubler-Ross grief stages | Denial, anger,bargaining, grief, acceptance |
| Effects of stress | (inc) free fatty acids, corticosteroids, lipids, catecholamines, cholesterol; affects water absorption, muscle tone, gastrocolic reflex |
| Causes of sexual dysfunction | Drugs (neuroleptics, SSRIs, etc.), diseases (depression), psychological (performance anxiety) |
| BMI | (body mass index) Weight in kg / height in m squared |
| Sleep stages | "at night" BATS Drink Blood |
| Beta (awake), alpha (drowsy), Theta (light sleep), sleep spindles and K complexes (deeper sleep), delta (deepest sleep), beta (REM) | |
| Features of delta sleep | Night terrors, sleep walking, bed wetting, imipramine and benzodiazapines reduce stage 4 sleep |
| Features of REM sleep | Erection, increased O2 use, memory functions; 5-HT from raphe nucleus initiates sleep, ACh mediates REM sleep, NE reduces REM sleep, PPRF activity (eye movements) |
| Narcolepsy symptoms | Hypnagogic / hypnapompic hallucinations, narcoleptic episodes and normal sleep start with REM sleep |
| Cataplexy | Loss of all motor tone after a strong emotional stimulus |
Created by:
ykirti
Popular USMLE sets