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68WM6 Phs 2 Test 13

68WM6 Phase 2 test 13 Endocrine System

Question	Answer
what hormones do the thyroid pump out?	T3 & T4 Requires good IODINE intake
what does the Thyroid do?	regulates growth, metabolism, development, and activity of the nervous system
hyperthyroidism a.k.a.	Grave's Disease
exophthalmos	bulgling eyes
what are some subjective things you will look for r/t hyperthyroidism?	memory loss, dysphagia/hoarse voice, weight loss, jittery, insomnia, may overreact to stress
objective things to look for r/t hyperthyroidism	tachycardia, HTN, edema of anterior neck, exophthalmos, hyperthermia, warm skin, hand tremors, cessation of menses,
how would hyperthyroidism be diagnosed?	increased T3 & T4, radioactive iodine uptake test(RAIU), thyroid scan
what are two drugs that can be given to block the production of t3 and t4?	Propylthiouracil - Propyl-Thoracil, PTU Methimazole – Tapazole
what does ablation therapy?	destroy Hypertrophied tissue
what are side effects for ablation therapy?	Abdominal pain, n/v, diarrhea, sore throat, neck pain and edema, chronic hypothyroidism
side effects for medication therapy r/t hyperthyroidism	rash / pruritis, N/V, abd pain, loss of taste
what are some things you would teach your pt pre-opt r/t hyperthyroidism	Teach deep breathing techniques, need for voice rest, possible complications, keep environment calm/cool, instruct how to support head when turning in bed and rising
post-op teaching r/t hyperthyroidism	semi-fowler's position, avoid hyperextension of head, cool mist humidification, VS q4 hrs, assess swallow reflexes prior to liquids
what would you assess for post op r/t hyperthyroidism	bleeding, tachycardia, hypotension, apprehension, restlessness
what are s/s of tetany	Numbness or tingling Carpopedal spasm Tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension Laryngeal spasm Positive Chvostek’s Sign Positive Trousseau’s Sign
what is tx for tetany	IV calcium gluconate
a thyroid strom appears usually within ___ hrs of surgery	12
s/s of thyroid storm	Exaggerated hyperthyroidism Severe hypertension, tachycardia Hyperthermia up to 106F Cardiac dysrhythmias, heart failure
what are tx's for thyroid storm?	IV fluids Sodium iodide and Corticosteroids Antipyretics and oxygen as needed
what is the severe form of hypothyroidism; congenital name	myxedema; cretinism
Failure of anterior pituitary to secrete adequate TSH for proper stimulation	hypothyroidism
Clinical Manifestations of hypothyroidism	Mild to severe depending on deficiency Hypothermia/intolerance to cold Weight gain Development of atherosclerosis /CAD
what subjective things would you look for r/t hypothyroidism	Impaired memory, slow thought processes Depression or paranoia Lethargy, forgetfulness, and irritability Anorexia and constipation Decreased libido and reproductive difficulty Menstrual irregularities Speech and hearing impairments
Objective Assessment r/t hypothyroidism	Bradycardia, hypotension and bradypnea Facial features become enlarged, edematous Voice low and hoarse Exercise intolerance Weakness, clumsiness, and ataxia Ileus
what are some options for replacement therapy r/t hypothyroidism?	Desiccated animal thyroid (Armhour Thyroid) Thyroglobulin (Proloid) Levothyroxine sodium (Levothroid /Synthroid) Liothyronine sodium (Cytomel)
what are some side effects r/t medical management r/t hypothyroidism	Palpitations, tachycardia, and nervousness Headache and insomnia Vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss Sweating and heart intolerance
what are some nursing considerations r/t hypothyroidism	Medication usually given in the morning Initially low dose Increased gradually Side effects Establish maintenance dose
where is the pancreas located?	Right Upper Quadrant
Systemic metabolic disorder that involves improper metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins	Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Decreased or absolute lack of insulin production by the beta cells of the “islets of Langerhans	Type I DM
Decreased activity of the insulin that is secreted Target cells in the body resist action of insulin	Type II DM
Three P's to DM	Polyuria(mucho urine), Polydipsia(mucho thirst), Polyphagia(mucho hungry)
things r/t DM that make you go "hmmmmmm"	random blood glucose over 200, glycosuria, ketonuria
symptoms of DM	Hunger Thirst Nausea Nocturia Weakness,Fatigue Blurred vision Appearance of halos around lights Headache
what are some causes of Type II DM?	Decrease tissue responsiveness to insulin Caused by receptor defects Insulin resistance Decrease secretion of insulin from beta cells Abnormal hepatic regulation
Type II DM is Found primarily in adults > ____ years old	30
causes of Type I DM	Progressive destruction of beta cell function: Autoimmune process Viral Genetic predisposition Chemical agents
Mobilization of protein and fat stores Muscle wasting and weight loss Thin clients, and hyperglycemia are all s/s of Type ____ DM	Type I
Subjective data for Type I DM	Headache Hunger Nausea, vomiting Nocturia, dehydration, hypovolemia Blurred vision, halo around lights
objective data for Type II DM	May have Type I s/s, Slow wound healing Pruritus Boils or other skin infections Vaginal infections,Skin on lower extremities may appear thin and shiny Legs and feet may feel cold to touch Decreased sensation to pain and temp in feet and hands
SMBG	self monitoring blood glucose
describe Fasting blood glucose	after 8 hour fast normal blood sugar is 60-120, >126 is abnormal
OGTT	Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Describe an OGTT	fast for 8 hrs, blood and urine collected for baseline, client ingests oral glucose solution, blood is drawn @ 30min, 1hr, 2hr, 3hr-urine collected @ same time,
how will a non-diabetic respond to a OGTT?	Blood glucose levels return to normal in 2 – 3 hours Urine is negative for glucose
how will a +diabetic respond to a OGTT?	Blood glucose levels return to normal slowly Urine is positive for glucose
PPBS	Postprandial blood sugar
Describe a PPBS	Fasting client is given a measured amount of carbohydrate solution orally, Blood drawn 2 hours after completion of oral intake Blood glucose > 160 mg/dl indicates DM
Test shows effectiveness of diabetic therapy for the preceding 8 – 12 weeks; Measures the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin within the RBC	Glycosylation - HgbA1c
what is the normal HgbA1c?	4-6%. Critical value is below 7, >8= avg blood glucose level apprx 200
what are the goals in managing DM?	Achievement of optimal serum lipid levels Intake of adequate calories for client’s condition
Long term complications of DM	Renal disease Neuropathy Hypertension Cardiovascular disease
Some complex carbohydrates	rice, potatoes and bread
Insulin dependent clients are usually given ___ _____ and ______ snacks.	mid afternoon ; bedtime
What are 2 goals for diabetic clients?	Helping achieve normal blood glucose level < 126 mg/dl. Prevention and treatment of acute complications
insulin may be injected how?	Subcutaneously
short acting Insulin	regular, Humulin R or novulin insulin - ONLY Insulin that can be given IV
intermediate acting Insulin	NHP, Humulin N, Lente
long acting insulin	Ultralente, Humulin U
numbers for short acting insulin:	Onset: 30 – 60 min Peak: 3 – 6 hours Duration: 6 –8 hours
numbers for intermediate acting insulin	Onset: 60 –90 minutes Peak: 8 – 12 hours Duration: 24 hours
numbers for long acting insulin	Onset: 4 – 8 hours Peak: 16 – 19 hours Duration: 36 hours (book - 24 hrs)
other insulin	insulin Lispro(insulin pumps), Lantus-long acting,
r/t external infusion pump, how long is the cannula good for?	72 hrs; External, battery operated computerized Worn on belt
signs of hypoglycemia	faintness, sudden weakness, diaphoresis, irritability, hunger, palpations, trembling, drowsiness
_______ insulin is used at lunch and bedtime to cover meal/snack	Regular
always draw up _____ insulin first	regular
Tolbutamide (Orinase), Chlorpropanamide (Diabinese), Glipizide (Glucotrol), Glyburide (Micronase)	oral hypoglycemics - Sulfonylureas
Oral Hypoglycemics - Non-sulfonylureas	Glucophage (Metformin) - Acts by inhibiting hepatic glucose production and increases sensitivity of peripheral tissue to insulin
what does Glucophage (Metformin) do in the body?	Acts by inhibiting hepatic glucose production and increases sensitivity of peripheral tissue to insulin
what does Precose (Acarbose) do in the body?	Acts by delaying the digestion of ingested carbohydrates Results in smaller rise of blood glucose after a meal
would a pancreas transplant be a surgical option for type I or type II DM?	Type I
a hormone secreted in response to decreased levels of glucose in the blood (secreted by the alpha cells	glucagon
a hormone secreted in response to the increased levels of glucose in the blood (secreted by beta cells).	Insulin
Promotes the conversion of amino acids to proteins in muscle, stimulates triglyceride formation, and inhibits the release of free fatty acids	Insulin
what insulin would you expect to give before breakfast?	combination of short-acting(Regular) and intermediate-acting (NPH)
which insulin would you expect to give before dinner?	short-acting(Regular)
which insulin would you expect to give before bedtime?	intermediate-acting (NPH)
Lispro is a _____ acting Insulin	rapid
what do oral hypoglycemics do within the body?	lower blood glucose by stimulating endogenous insulin secretion by beta cells of the pancreas and by increasing sensitivity to insulin at the intracellular receptor sites
what do Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors do within your body?	delays digestion of ingested carbohydrates, thus lowering blood glucose, especially after meals
Oral Hypoglycemics Category includes what drugs?	Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Biguanide. Meglitinides. Sulfonylureas. 1st Generation: rarely used. 2nd Generation. Thiazolidinediones
what are some contraindications for oral hypoglycemics?	Type 1 DM, severe kidney, liver, thyroid and other endocrine dysfunction. Avoid use in pregnancy or lactation
would elderly pts need the same amount of insulin or a reduced dose?	reduced dose
The purpose of the metformin	Metformin decreases glucose production by the liver; decreases intestinal absorption of glucose; improves insulin receptor sensitivity in the liver
______ and _____ do not cause hypoglycemia when taken alone but may increase the hypoglycemic effect of other hypoglycemic agents.	Miglitol and Pioglitazone
Hypoglycemia may be treated by ingestion of _____ _____.	oral glucose
what are s/s of insulin and oral hypoglycemic toxicity and overdose?	Overdose is manifested by symptoms of hypoglycemia
Slide Scale Insulin may be required for patient exposed to:	Stress. Fever. Trauma. Infection. Surgery
what does the thyroid secrete and what is important for this to happen?	T3 / T4 ; iodine
what controls the thyroid?	controlled by the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland.
what are the functions of the thyroid?	Growth and development. Metabolism. Activity of the nervous system
released by the thyroid gland. Decreases blood calcium levels by by causing calcium to be stored in the bones.	calcitonin
what are some contraindications for thyroid agents?	Hypersensitivity. Recent MI. Thyrotoxicosis. Known alcohol intolerance (liothyronine injection only). Hypersensitivity to beef (thyrar product).
what are some precautions for thyroid medications?	Cardiovascular disease (initiate therapy with lower doses). Severe renal insufficiency. Uncorrected adrenocortical disorders. Swallowing difficulty (levothyroxine tablets
r/r Geriatric pts, would you expect a typical adult dose or a reduced dose r/t thyroid meds?	markedly REDUCED
side effects r/t thyroid meds	HYPOtension, TACHYcardia, D/V, choking, gagging, hair loss, weight loss, heat intolerance
if heart rate is > than ____ we HOLD T3	100
what are two antithyroid meds?	methimazole (Tapazole). propylthiouracil (PTU).
what are some side effects of antithyroid meds	CNS: drowsiness, headache, vertigo. GI: diarrhea, drug-induced hepatitis, loss of taste, nausea, parotitis, vomiting. Derm: rash, skin discoloration, urticaria. Hemat: agranulocytosis, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
Propylthioruracil (PTU) is used for:	hyperthyroidism
Treatment of thyrotoxic crisis, and a supplement during long-term parenteral nutrition	iodine containing agents
what are the therapeutic effects of iodine agents	Control of hyperthyroidism. Decreased bleeding during thyroid surgery. Replacement/supplementation of iodine. Decreased incidence of thyroid cancer following radiation emergencies
give examples of iodine agents	potassium iodide (Pima, SSKI, Thyro-Block, Thyrosafe). sodium iodide (Iodopen). strong iodine solution (Lugol's solution).
Radioactive iodine isotopes will	The thyroid gland absorbs high concentrations of radioactive iodine, which destroys the hyperactive thyroid tissue with essentially no damage to other tissues in the body
antithyroid agents will cause what type of Lab differences	WBC and differential counts periodically throughout therapy, May cause increased AST, ALT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, serum bilirubin and prothrombin time
r/t meals, when would you teach your pt to take antithyroid meds?	administer at same time in relation to meals every day.
if a dose of antithyroid meds are missed, when would you take the missed dose?	If a dose is missed, take as soon as remembered. Take both doses together if almost time for next dose
what s/s would you teach your pt to report r/t antithyroid meds?	sore throat, fever, chills, headache, malaise, weakness, yellowing of eyes or skin, unusual bleeding or bruising, rash, or symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism promptly
when you evaluate the effectivness of antithyroid meds, what are you looking for?	decrease symptoms of hyperthyroidism, return of thyroid to normal state, prepare pt for thyroidectomy or radiation therapy, prevent/tx for iodine deficiency.
Which nursing diagnosis may appear on a hyperthyroid patient’s care plan?	disturbed sleep pattern
The primary treatment for hypothyroidism is:	Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
what are some tx for hyperthyroidism?	Radioactive iodine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole
what is used to prevent/tx hypocalcemia	electrolyte replacements
contraindications for electrolyte replacement	Hypercalcemia. Renal calculi. Ventricular fibrillation
side effects of electrolyte replacements	CNS: syncope (IV only), tingling. CV: cardiac arrest (IV only), arrhythmias, bradycardia. GI: constipation, nausea, vomiting. GU: calculi, hypercalciuria. Local: phlebitis (IV only).
what foods may decrease the absorption of calcium supplements?	cereals, spinach, or rhubarb
what are signs of hypercalcemia	Assess patient for nausea, vomiting, anorexia, thirst, severe constipation, paralytic ileus, and bradycardia
how do you diagnose hyperthyroidism?	serum t3 & t4 levels, Radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU) Thyroid scan
what is the medical management for hyperthyroidism?	Administer drugs that block the production of thyroid hormones Propylthiouracil - Propyl-Thoracil, PTU Methimazole – Tapazole, Ablation Therapy Radioactive Iodine
what are some side effects from ablation therapy r/t hyperthyroidism	Abdominal pain, n/v, diarrhea, sore throat, neck pain and edema, Rash or pruritis N/V, abdominal pain Loss of taste
what is the surgical management for hyperthyroidism?	subtotal thyroidectomy
what are two nursing diagnoses r/t hyperthyroidism?	Hyperthermia, risk for, related to increased metabolism, Nutrition altered, less than body requirements related to increased metabolism
r/t hypothyroidism, what are some examples of symptomatic relief?	Keep room warm (68o - 74o F) Avoid hypothermia Encourage high-fiber, low-calorie diet Do not stop medication without consulting physician Emphasize need for regular medical checkups
what are two nursing diagnoses r/t hypothyroidism?	Cardiac output, decreased, related to decreased metabolism, Constipation related to decreased peristaltic action
how do you diagnose hyperthyroidism?	serum t3 & t4 levels, Radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU) Thyroid scan
what is the medical management for hyperthyroidism?	Administer drugs that block the production of thyroid hormones Propylthiouracil - Propyl-Thoracil, PTU Methimazole – Tapazole, Ablation Therapy Radioactive Iodine
what are some side effects from ablation therapy r/t hyperthyroidism	Abdominal pain, n/v, diarrhea, sore throat, neck pain and edema, Rash or pruritis N/V, abdominal pain Loss of taste
what is the surgical management for hyperthyroidism?	subtotal thyroidectomy
who would you expect to have thyroid cancer?	caucasians and females
what are the three types of thyroid cancer	Papillary Follicular Anaplastic
Clinical Manifestations of thyroid cancer	Presence of a firm, fixed, painless nodule, palpable on examination
what are the diagnostic tests for thyroid cancer?	Thyroid scan "Cold" scan "Hot" scan Thyroid Function Tests (TFT) Needle biopsy
What possible complications are associated with total thyroidectomy?	Thyroid storm, tetany, excess bleeding
what function does your liver play r/t DM and normal metabolism?	Changes glycerol and fatty acids into glucose Changes glucose into triglycerides as needed Stores glucose in the form of glycogen
ONLY organs that can use free serum glucose without insulin	brain & kidney
Body attempts to rid itself of the excess glucose by excreting it in to the urine, this causes	glycosuria
To excrete the increased glucose, the kidneys require extra water for dilution, this causes	polyuria
Because the kidneys require extra water, the client develops excessive thirst, this causes	polydipsia
Client is often unable to drink enough fluids to compensate for volume loss, this causes	dehydration
Despite excessive glucose in blood stream, it can not be used by body without insulin, this causes	polyphagia
In spite of over eating, metabolism remains faulty, resulting in	weight loss
Carbohydrates can not be used properly Body’s fat and protein sources are broken down for energy, resulting in	ketoacidosis
what are 4 causes of IDDM	Autoimmune process Viral Genetic predisposition Chemical agents
Regular...whatever, this is everything but 'regular'...it's faster than the avg Joe	Regular insulin - fast acting
Not Puckin Happenin....not right now type of insulin	NPH - intermediate acting insulin
36 hrs is nothing compared to 30 days of Lent. hey we have something in common....	Ultralente - long acting insulin
Primary mineralcorticoid	Aldosterone
Mineralcorticoids	Involved in water and electrolyte balance, and indirectly manage blood pressure
what does Aldosterone do?	Causes retention of sodium; with sodium comes water to increase circulating blood volume Causes wasting of potassium and hydrogen
Primary glucocorticoid	cortisol
what does cortisol do?	Involved in glucose metabolism Provides extra energy in times of stress Also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties
Adrenal medulla releases two hormones during stress "Fight or Flight“...what are they?	Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Name the three types of steroids released by the adrenal glands	Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Sex hormones
cushing's disease	mass release of hormones from adrenal glands
Rare condition in which the plasma levels of adrenocortical hormones are increased Body's protective feedback mechanism fails, with resultant excess secretion of the adrenal hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and sex hormones	Cushing's Disease
Depression very common with possibility of suicide, mental changes, irritability, emotional instability, severe back ache, loss of libido, increase in appetite	Cushing's Disease
objective data r/t Cushings Disease	Presence of ecchymoses and petechiae Skin becomes thin and fragile Weight gain, edema and abdominal enlargement, with development of striae, buffalo hump, MOON FACE, HTN
More s/s of Cushings Disease	prolonged wound healing, Osteoporosis/kyphosis from abnormal calcium absorption, Women may experience hirsutism and menstrual irregularities
what are some diagnostic tests r/t cushings disease	Diagnosis usually based on clinical appearance and lab results Hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia Plasma cortisol elevated Plasma ACTH may be increased or decreased, depending on location of a tumor
More tests to diagnose Cushings Disease	Adrenal angiography (to identify tumors) 24-hr urine test for 17 - ketosteroids and 17-hydroxysteroids shows increased presence Abdominal CT, ultrasound to identify tumors
what is some medical tx for Cushings Disease	Treatment is directed toward the causative factor Adrenalectomy for adrenal tumor Pituitary tumors may be irradiated or removed surgically (Transphenoidal hypophysectomy
cytotoxic agent that is toxic to adrenal glands	Mitotane (Lysodern)
side effects for Mitotane (Lysodern)	depression, vertigo, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, hepatotoxicity, GI upset, pruritis, maculopapular rash
what kind of diet would you expect for a pt in Cushings Disease	Lowered in sodium, reduce calories and carbohydrates. Foods high in potassium
Nursing interventions for a pt w/ Cushings Disease	strict I&O, watch for edema in extremities, watch for bony prominences, for open lesions, ulcers, & ecchymosis, use heel/elbow protectors & eggcrate mattress, monitor blood glucose
what are two nursing diagnoses r/t Cushings Disease	Knowledge deficit, related to therapeutic regimen, Activity intolerance, related to weakness and immobility, Excess fluid volume, related to sodium and water retention
an acute, emergency, life-threatening state of profound adrenal cortical insufficiency that occurs when the adrenal glands suddenly fail	Addisonian Crisis
Continually assess for signs of developing adrenal (Addisonian) crisis such as	Sudden, severe drop in B/P (hypotension) Anorexia, nausea and vomiting Extremely high temperature Diarrhea, abdominal pain Profound weakness Headache, restlessness or fever
adrenal crisis is an emergency: death may occur from	hypotension and vasomotor collapse
what kind of tx would you expect r/t Addisonian crisis?	Corticosteroids via an intravenous solution of normal saline and glucose Antibiotics are administered due to extremely low resistance to infection
Chromaffin cell tumor, usually found in the adrenal medulla, that causes excessive secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine	Pheochromocytoma
The principle manifestation of pheochromocytoma is ___	HTN; as high as 300/175
subjective assessment r/t phenochromocytoma	Presence of severe headache, palpitations, anxiety Severe hypertension Tremors, nervousness, dizzy and dyspnea Nausea and intolerance to heat Paresthesias (an abnormal sensation, such as burning, prickling, tickling, or tingling)
objective assessment r/t phenochromocytoma	Severe hypertension- resulting in potential CVA, kidney damage, retinopathy, cardiac damage may result in heart failure Tachycardia, tremors, diaphoresis, and dilated pupils Hyperglycemia, glycosuria
if you were going to teach your pt about an Andrenalectomy, what would you tell them?	Surgically approached by means of an abdominal or flank incision under and following the position of the 12th rib
Post-op care after an Andrenalectomy would include	Observe for hemorrhage, atelectasis, and pneumothorax
Monitor VS carefully for signs of adrenal insufficiency would include	Hypotension Nausea, vomiting Hypoglycemia Muscle weakness
what type of diet would be ordered after an Andrenalectomy	Diet - free from stimulants, such as coffee, tea and soft drinks containing caffeine
what is the function of the pituitary gland?	Controls functions over the other endocrine glands through the negative feedback syste Secretes hormones that activates other indocrine glands
the anterior pituitary releases which hormones?	FSH, LH, MSH, Prolactin, GH, TSH, ACTH
the posterior pituitary releases which hormones?	vasopressin, oxytocin, ADH
overproduction of the Growth Hormone	Acromegaly
what are some s/s of acromegaly?	big head and lower jaw, bulging forehead, thick lips, enlarged tongue, large hands and feet
objective findings r/t acromegaly	Bone enlargement and joint involvement Gait changes and inability to perform activities Dyspnea, tachycardia, weak pulse and hypotension – signs of early heart failure
what is a medical tx / drug that can be used for acromegaly?	Bromocriptine mesylate (Parlodel) Antipartkinsonian drug that inhibits the release of GH, Somatostatin analogues (which inhibit GH), Octrotide (sandostatin)
Transphenoidal hypophysectomy	removal of tumor tissues through the nose
what are some causes for Diabetes Insipidus	malfunction of posterior pituitary, head injury, infections
s/s of DI	polyuria, polydipsia, pt craves ice or water, hypernatremia, severe dehydration
what are some objective sign for DI?	poor skin turgor, urine color, I&O, weight loss, constipation
List three clinical manifestations of Diabetes insipidus?	Polyuria, Urine specific gravity <1.005, Hypernatremia
Kidneys to conserve water by decreasing the amount of urine produced. Also constricts the arterioles, which results in increased blood pressure. Referred to as vasopressin	ADH
what are some actions of Vasopressin?	Alters the permeability of the renal collecting ducts, allowing reabsorption of water. Directly stimulates musculature of GI tract, nonadrenergic peripheral vasoconstrictor
what are some precautions of vasopressin?	Comatose patients. Seizures. Migraine headaches. Asthma Heart failure. Cardiovascular disease
vasopressin side effects	"pounding" sensation in head, MI, angina, chest pain, allergic reactions, fever, water intoxication,
vasopressin nursing implications	Monitor BP, HR, and ECG periodically throughout therapy and continuously throughout cardiopulmonary resuscitation
constriction of the airway causing dyspnea with long, crowing respirations as the air tries to get past the constriction	Laryngospasms
too much calcium causes:	Kidney stones Depressed neural function Calcium deposits in soft tissues
too little calcium causes:	Muscle tetany Osteoporosis Retarded growth in children
function of parathyroid	Increases the concentration of calcium and regulates the amount of phosphorus in the blood
subjective signs of hypoparathyroidism	Complaint of dysphagia Complaint of numbness and tingling Anxiety, irritability, depression Headaches, nausea Kidney stone formation due to increased renal excretion
objective signs of hypoparathyroidism	Positive Chvostek's sign Positive Trousseau's sign Laryngeal spasm/stridor Decreased cardiac output Spasms of the extremities, N/V, convulsions, cardiac dysrhythmias
r/t diagnosing hypoparathyroidism, which way would calcium and phosphate present?	hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
what are medical management steps for a pt with hypoparathyroidism	Intravenous calcium gluconate or calcium chloride Vitamin D Bronchodilators may be ordered Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation may be necessary A diet high in calcium and low in phosphorus is usually recommended
what items should you keep at bedside r/t a pt w/ hypoparathyroidism?	emergency tracheostomy tray, airways, mechanical ventilation, and endotracheal intubation equipment
what are some things you will want to teach your pt r/t hypoparathyroidism?	understanding of medication and diet, s/s of hypocalcemia
loss of Ca+ from bones, Increased urinary excretion of phosphorus Bones become demineralized as calcium leaves and enters the bloodstream is related to	HYPERparathyroidism
what type of diet would you teach your pt r/t hypothyroidism?	high-fiber, low calorie
what are two nursing diagnoses r/t hypothyroidism?	Cardiac output, decreased, related to decreased metabolism, Constipation related to decreased peristaltic action
what is the etiology of a goiter?	thyroid gland enlarges, low T3 signals pituitary gland, inadequate intake of iodine
what are two types of medical mngt r/t a goiter?	oral potassium iodine, iodine rich foods
what are three post-op complications r/t a goiter?	thyroid storm, bleeding, tetany
what are two nursing diagnoses r/t a goiter?	Noncompliance, risk for, related to therapeutic regimen, Body image, disturbed, risk for, related altered physical appearance
what are examples of medical management r/t hyperparathyroidism?	removal of hypertrophied gland tissue, observe for s/s of hypoparathyroidism, post-op is similar to thyroidectomy
What is the name of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland	PARATHORMONE
OVER PRODUCTION OF PARATHORMONE RESULTS IN INCREASED LEVELS OF WHAT ELECTROLYTE IN THE BLOOD?	calcium
WHAT ARE POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERCALCEMIA	PATHOLOGIC FRACTURE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS RENAL DISEASE NAUSEA/VOMITING
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM	trauma
WHAT IS THE MEDICAL CARE FOR A PATIENT WITH HYPOPARATHYROIDISM	CALCIUM GLUCONATE ET BRONCHODILATORS VIT D HIGH CA, LOW PO4 DIET
what part of the body provides the fastest, lease variable absorption r/t insulin?	abdomen
how would you teach your DM pt to care for their feet?	poor circulation=decreased feeling=likelihood of infection. thoroughly wash w/soap and water daily, dry fee and look for blisters, cracks, and foreign objects. CHECK BETWEEN TOES
what are some other examples of pt teaching r/t foot care r/t DM?	foot soaks and powders not recommended, clean socks daily, avoid tight garters, cut toenails straight across, no hot water or heating pads on feet-will burn you
what kind of shoes would you teach/recommend for a DM pt?	sturdy, proper fitting, wide toe box, PUT SHOES ON! NO BARE FEET!
a DM pt is prone to circulatory disturbances. Where?	arteriosclerosis, lower extremities, kidneys, eyes, and heart
Decreased blood supply to the skin and peripheral nerves result in	Decreased ability to fight infection Delayed wound healing Cramping
Any abnormal condition characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the peripheral nerves	neuropathy
what is most affected by neuropathy?	Legs
Microvascular changes affect retinal capillaries, may cause cataracts and retinal detachment	Diabetic retinopathy
_________ and _______ imbalances occur due to the elevated blood glucose	hypovolemia and electrolyte
when ketones accumulate in the blood, pH ____	decreases
what are Kussmaul's respirations	Client begins to hyperventilate in an effort to blow off CO2 to counteract the fall in pH
early s/s of ketoacidosis	Weakness Drowsiness Vomiting Thirst Abdominal pain Dehydration Hot, dry skin Flushed cheeks Dry mouth
early s/s of ketoacidosis	Kussmaul’s breathing Sweetish odor on breath Acetone Hypotension Rapid weak pulse Restlessness Stupor, coma, Death
T/F: when treating ketoacidosis, make an effort to correct the hyponatremia imbalance by introducing high levels of NS fluids	False. cerebral edema may occur with sudden influx of fluids
blood glucose below less than 60	hypoglycemia
initial symptoms of HYPOglycemia	Faintness Sudden weakness Diaphoresis Irritability Hunger Palpitations Trembling Drowsiness Pallor Headache Nausea/vomiting Personality changes
intermediate s/s of HYPOglycemia	Dizziness Confusion Loss of speech Unable to control body movements Diplopia, blurred vision
late s/s of HYPOglycemia	Convulsions Unconscious Brain damage Death
T/F: r/t hypoglycemia, restore normal blood sugar as soon as possible	True. administer rapid acting simple carbohydrate
Addison's Disease = arenal ___	HYPOfunction
what are some of the things that can cause Addison's Disease?	Adrenalectomy Pituitary hypofunction Longstanding steroid therapy Idiopathic adrenal atrophy Cancer of the adrenal cortex Tuberculosis Autoimmune response
what two hormones are the cause of Addison's disease	decreased cortisol and aldosterone
s/s of Addison's disease	nausea, anorexia and craving for salt, hypotension, Vertigo, weakness, and syncope, Severe headache, disorientation, abdominal pain,
Changes in the color of the mucous membranes and skin, with darkly pigmented areas, weight loss, N/V	objective data r/t Addison's Disease
what is a test that could be ordered to diagnose Addison's Disease	24 hr urine, fasting plasma,
what type of diet would you expect r/t Addison's Disease	Diet high in sodium and low in potassium
what nursing intervention would make most sense r/t Addison't Disease	especially monitor BP and Temp, daily weights, I&O's,
what are some nursing diagnoses r/t Addison't Disease?	Infection, risk for, related to altered metabolic processes, Tissue perfusion, ineffective peripheral, related to volume depletion secondary to electrolyte imbalance
T/F: medical or surgical tx for pituitary d/o can reverse the physical changes and the pt will never develope other complications.	False. The physical changes are irreversible and pt is prone to developing complications
defects of the hypothalamus which directs the anterior pituitary to release excess amounts of GH	Gigantism
happens in childhood before the closure of the epiphyses; overgrowth of the long bones that result in the attainment of great height	gigantism
pt will appear well proportioned and well nourished but appear younger than their chronological age	dwarfism
what are two characteristics of a pt with dwarfism?	child is a great deal shorter than peers, well proportioned, but smaller. sexual development is usually normal but delayed, may produce normal offspring
what medication could be expected to tx acromegaly?	dopamine agonists
This is not a complete set of the information. The drug section is not competely covered	good luck

Created by: jrstrader

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