68WM6 Phase 2 test 13 Endocrine System
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show | T3 & T4 Requires good IODINE intake
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what does the Thyroid do? | show 🗑
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hyperthyroidism a.k.a. | show 🗑
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exophthalmos | show 🗑
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show | memory loss, dysphagia/hoarse voice, weight loss, jittery, insomnia, may overreact to stress
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show | tachycardia, HTN, edema of anterior neck, exophthalmos, hyperthermia, warm skin, hand tremors, cessation of menses,
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show | increased T3 & T4, radioactive iodine uptake test(RAIU), thyroid scan
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show | Propylthiouracil - Propyl-Thoracil, PTU Methimazole – Tapazole
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show | destroy Hypertrophied tissue
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show | Abdominal pain, n/v, diarrhea, sore throat, neck pain and edema, chronic hypothyroidism
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side effects for medication therapy r/t hyperthyroidism | show 🗑
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show | Teach deep breathing techniques, need for voice rest, possible complications, keep environment calm/cool, instruct how to support head when turning in bed and rising
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post-op teaching r/t hyperthyroidism | show 🗑
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show | bleeding, tachycardia, hypotension, apprehension, restlessness
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show | Numbness or tingling Carpopedal spasm Tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension Laryngeal spasm Positive Chvostek’s Sign Positive Trousseau’s Sign
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what is tx for tetany | show 🗑
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show | 12
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s/s of thyroid storm | show 🗑
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what are tx's for thyroid storm? | show 🗑
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what is the severe form of hypothyroidism; congenital name | show 🗑
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show | hypothyroidism
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show | Mild to severe depending on deficiency Hypothermia/intolerance to cold Weight gain Development of atherosclerosis /CAD
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show | Impaired memory, slow thought processes Depression or paranoia Lethargy, forgetfulness, and irritability Anorexia and constipation Decreased libido and reproductive difficulty Menstrual irregularities Speech and hearing impairments
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show | Bradycardia, hypotension and bradypnea Facial features become enlarged, edematous Voice low and hoarse Exercise intolerance Weakness, clumsiness, and ataxia Ileus
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show | Desiccated animal thyroid (Armhour Thyroid) Thyroglobulin (Proloid) Levothyroxine sodium (Levothroid /Synthroid) Liothyronine sodium (Cytomel)
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what are some side effects r/t medical management r/t hypothyroidism | show 🗑
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show | Medication usually given in the morning Initially low dose Increased gradually Side effects Establish maintenance dose
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show | Right Upper Quadrant
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show | Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
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show | Type I DM
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Decreased activity of the insulin that is secreted Target cells in the body resist action of insulin | show 🗑
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Three P's to DM | show 🗑
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things r/t DM that make you go "hmmmmmm" | show 🗑
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show | Hunger Thirst Nausea Nocturia Weakness,Fatigue Blurred vision Appearance of halos around lights Headache
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show | Decrease tissue responsiveness to insulin Caused by receptor defects Insulin resistance Decrease secretion of insulin from beta cells Abnormal hepatic regulation
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Type II DM is Found primarily in adults > ____ years old | show 🗑
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causes of Type I DM | show 🗑
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Mobilization of protein and fat stores Muscle wasting and weight loss Thin clients, and hyperglycemia are all s/s of Type ____ DM | show 🗑
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show | Headache Hunger Nausea, vomiting Nocturia, dehydration, hypovolemia Blurred vision, halo around lights
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objective data for Type II DM | show 🗑
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SMBG | show 🗑
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describe Fasting blood glucose | show 🗑
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OGTT | show 🗑
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Describe an OGTT | show 🗑
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how will a non-diabetic respond to a OGTT? | show 🗑
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show | Blood glucose levels return to normal slowly Urine is positive for glucose
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show | Postprandial blood sugar
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Describe a PPBS | show 🗑
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Test shows effectiveness of diabetic therapy for the preceding 8 – 12 weeks; Measures the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin within the RBC | show 🗑
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what is the normal HgbA1c? | show 🗑
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what are the goals in managing DM? | show 🗑
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Long term complications of DM | show 🗑
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Some complex carbohydrates | show 🗑
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Insulin dependent clients are usually given ___ _____ and ______ snacks. | show 🗑
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show | Helping achieve normal blood glucose level < 126 mg/dl. Prevention and treatment of acute complications
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insulin may be injected how? | show 🗑
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show | regular, Humulin R or novulin insulin - ONLY Insulin that can be given IV
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show | NHP, Humulin N, Lente
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show | Ultralente, Humulin U
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numbers for short acting insulin: | show 🗑
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show | Onset: 60 –90 minutes Peak: 8 – 12 hours Duration: 24 hours
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show | Onset: 4 – 8 hours Peak: 16 – 19 hours Duration: 36 hours (book - 24 hrs)
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other insulin | show 🗑
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r/t external infusion pump, how long is the cannula good for? | show 🗑
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show | faintness, sudden weakness, diaphoresis, irritability, hunger, palpations, trembling, drowsiness
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show | Regular
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show | regular
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Tolbutamide (Orinase), Chlorpropanamide (Diabinese), Glipizide (Glucotrol), Glyburide (Micronase) | show 🗑
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show | Glucophage (Metformin) - Acts by inhibiting hepatic glucose production and increases sensitivity of peripheral tissue to insulin
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show | Acts by inhibiting hepatic glucose production and increases sensitivity of peripheral tissue to insulin
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show | Acts by delaying the digestion of ingested carbohydrates Results in smaller rise of blood glucose after a meal
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would a pancreas transplant be a surgical option for type I or type II DM? | show 🗑
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a hormone secreted in response to decreased levels of glucose in the blood (secreted by the alpha cells | show 🗑
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show | Insulin
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Promotes the conversion of amino acids to proteins in muscle, stimulates triglyceride formation, and inhibits the release of free fatty acids | show 🗑
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show | combination of short-acting(Regular) and intermediate-acting (NPH)
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show | short-acting(Regular)
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show | intermediate-acting (NPH)
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show | rapid
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what do oral hypoglycemics do within the body? | show 🗑
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show | delays digestion of ingested carbohydrates, thus lowering blood glucose, especially after meals
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Oral Hypoglycemics Category includes what drugs? | show 🗑
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show | Type 1 DM, severe kidney, liver, thyroid and other endocrine dysfunction. Avoid use in pregnancy or lactation
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show | reduced dose
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The purpose of the metformin | show 🗑
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show | Miglitol and Pioglitazone
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Hypoglycemia may be treated by ingestion of _____ _____. | show 🗑
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what are s/s of insulin and oral hypoglycemic toxicity and overdose? | show 🗑
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Slide Scale Insulin may be required for patient exposed to: | show 🗑
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what does the thyroid secrete and what is important for this to happen? | show 🗑
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show | controlled by the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland.
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what are the functions of the thyroid? | show 🗑
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show | calcitonin
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what are some contraindications for thyroid agents? | show 🗑
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show | Cardiovascular disease (initiate therapy with lower doses). Severe renal insufficiency. Uncorrected adrenocortical disorders. Swallowing difficulty (levothyroxine tablets
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r/r Geriatric pts, would you expect a typical adult dose or a reduced dose r/t thyroid meds? | show 🗑
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side effects r/t thyroid meds | show 🗑
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if heart rate is > than ____ we HOLD T3 | show 🗑
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what are two antithyroid meds? | show 🗑
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what are some side effects of antithyroid meds | show 🗑
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show | hyperthyroidism
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Treatment of thyrotoxic crisis, and a supplement during long-term parenteral nutrition | show 🗑
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show | Control of hyperthyroidism. Decreased bleeding during thyroid surgery. Replacement/supplementation of iodine. Decreased incidence of thyroid cancer following radiation emergencies
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give examples of iodine agents | show 🗑
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Radioactive iodine isotopes will | show 🗑
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antithyroid agents will cause what type of Lab differences | show 🗑
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show | administer at same time in relation to meals every day.
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if a dose of antithyroid meds are missed, when would you take the missed dose? | show 🗑
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show | sore throat, fever, chills, headache, malaise, weakness, yellowing of eyes or skin, unusual bleeding or bruising, rash, or symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism promptly
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show | decrease symptoms of hyperthyroidism, return of thyroid to normal state, prepare pt for thyroidectomy or radiation therapy, prevent/tx for iodine deficiency.
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Which nursing diagnosis may appear on a hyperthyroid patient’s care plan? | show 🗑
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The primary treatment for hypothyroidism is: | show 🗑
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show | Radioactive iodine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole
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what is used to prevent/tx hypocalcemia | show 🗑
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contraindications for electrolyte replacement | show 🗑
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show | CNS: syncope (IV only), tingling. CV: cardiac arrest (IV only), arrhythmias, bradycardia. GI: constipation, nausea, vomiting. GU: calculi, hypercalciuria. Local: phlebitis (IV only).
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show | cereals, spinach, or rhubarb
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show | Assess patient for nausea, vomiting, anorexia, thirst, severe constipation, paralytic ileus, and bradycardia
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how do you diagnose hyperthyroidism? | show 🗑
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show | Administer drugs that block the production of thyroid hormones Propylthiouracil - Propyl-Thoracil, PTU Methimazole – Tapazole, Ablation Therapy Radioactive Iodine
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show | Abdominal pain, n/v, diarrhea, sore throat, neck pain and edema, Rash or pruritis N/V, abdominal pain Loss of taste
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what is the surgical management for hyperthyroidism? | show 🗑
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show | Hyperthermia, risk for, related to increased metabolism, Nutrition altered, less than body requirements related to increased metabolism
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r/t hypothyroidism, what are some examples of symptomatic relief? | show 🗑
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what are two nursing diagnoses r/t hypothyroidism? | show 🗑
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how do you diagnose hyperthyroidism? | show 🗑
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show | Administer drugs that block the production of thyroid hormones Propylthiouracil - Propyl-Thoracil, PTU Methimazole – Tapazole, Ablation Therapy Radioactive Iodine
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what are some side effects from ablation therapy r/t hyperthyroidism | show 🗑
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show | subtotal thyroidectomy
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who would you expect to have thyroid cancer? | show 🗑
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what are the three types of thyroid cancer | show 🗑
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Clinical Manifestations of thyroid cancer | show 🗑
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what are the diagnostic tests for thyroid cancer? | show 🗑
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show | Thyroid storm, tetany, excess bleeding
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show | Changes glycerol and fatty acids into glucose Changes glucose into triglycerides as needed Stores glucose in the form of glycogen
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show | brain & kidney
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show | glycosuria
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To excrete the increased glucose, the kidneys require extra water for dilution, this causes | show 🗑
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show | polydipsia
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show | dehydration
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Despite excessive glucose in blood stream, it can not be used by body without insulin, this causes | show 🗑
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show | weight loss
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Carbohydrates can not be used properly Body’s fat and protein sources are broken down for energy, resulting in | show 🗑
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show | Autoimmune process Viral Genetic predisposition Chemical agents
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Regular...whatever, this is everything but 'regular'...it's faster than the avg Joe | show 🗑
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Not Puckin Happenin....not right now type of insulin | show 🗑
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36 hrs is nothing compared to 30 days of Lent. hey we have something in common.... | show 🗑
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show | Aldosterone
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show | Involved in water and electrolyte balance, and indirectly manage blood pressure
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show | Causes retention of sodium; with sodium comes water to increase circulating blood volume Causes wasting of potassium and hydrogen
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Primary glucocorticoid | show 🗑
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show | Involved in glucose metabolism Provides extra energy in times of stress Also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties
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Adrenal medulla releases two hormones during stress "Fight or Flight“...what are they? | show 🗑
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show | Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Sex hormones
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cushing's disease | show 🗑
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Rare condition in which the plasma levels of adrenocortical hormones are increased Body's protective feedback mechanism fails, with resultant excess secretion of the adrenal hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and sex hormones | show 🗑
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show | Cushing's Disease
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show | Presence of ecchymoses and petechiae Skin becomes thin and fragile Weight gain, edema and abdominal enlargement, with development of striae, buffalo hump, MOON FACE, HTN
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show | prolonged wound healing, Osteoporosis/kyphosis from abnormal calcium absorption, Women may experience hirsutism and menstrual irregularities
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show | Diagnosis usually based on clinical appearance and lab results Hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia Plasma cortisol elevated Plasma ACTH may be increased or decreased, depending on location of a tumor
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More tests to diagnose Cushings Disease | show 🗑
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show | Treatment is directed toward the causative factor Adrenalectomy for adrenal tumor Pituitary tumors may be irradiated or removed surgically (Transphenoidal hypophysectomy
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cytotoxic agent that is toxic to adrenal glands | show 🗑
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side effects for Mitotane (Lysodern) | show 🗑
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show | Lowered in sodium, reduce calories and carbohydrates. Foods high in potassium
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show | strict I&O, watch for edema in extremities, watch for bony prominences, for open lesions, ulcers, & ecchymosis, use heel/elbow protectors & eggcrate mattress, monitor blood glucose
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show | Knowledge deficit, related to therapeutic regimen, Activity intolerance, related to weakness and immobility, Excess fluid volume, related to sodium and water retention
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an acute, emergency, life-threatening state of profound adrenal cortical insufficiency that occurs when the adrenal glands suddenly fail | show 🗑
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Continually assess for signs of developing adrenal (Addisonian) crisis such as | show 🗑
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adrenal crisis is an emergency: death may occur from | show 🗑
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show | Corticosteroids via an intravenous solution of normal saline and glucose Antibiotics are administered due to extremely low resistance to infection
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show | Pheochromocytoma
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The principle manifestation of pheochromocytoma is ___ | show 🗑
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show | Presence of severe headache, palpitations, anxiety Severe hypertension Tremors, nervousness, dizzy and dyspnea Nausea and intolerance to heat Paresthesias (an abnormal sensation, such as burning, prickling, tickling, or tingling)
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objective assessment r/t phenochromocytoma | show 🗑
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show | Surgically approached by means of an abdominal or flank incision under and following the position of the 12th rib
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Post-op care after an Andrenalectomy would include | show 🗑
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show | Hypotension Nausea, vomiting Hypoglycemia Muscle weakness
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what type of diet would be ordered after an Andrenalectomy | show 🗑
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show | Controls functions over the other endocrine glands through the negative feedback syste Secretes hormones that activates other indocrine glands
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show | FSH, LH, MSH, Prolactin, GH, TSH, ACTH
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show | vasopressin, oxytocin, ADH
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show | Acromegaly
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show | big head and lower jaw, bulging forehead, thick lips, enlarged tongue, large hands and feet
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show | Bone enlargement and joint involvement Gait changes and inability to perform activities Dyspnea, tachycardia, weak pulse and hypotension – signs of early heart failure
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what is a medical tx / drug that can be used for acromegaly? | show 🗑
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show | removal of tumor tissues through the nose
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what are some causes for Diabetes Insipidus | show 🗑
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s/s of DI | show 🗑
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what are some objective sign for DI? | show 🗑
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List three clinical manifestations of Diabetes insipidus? | show 🗑
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show | ADH
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what are some actions of Vasopressin? | show 🗑
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show | Comatose patients. Seizures. Migraine headaches. Asthma Heart failure. Cardiovascular disease
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vasopressin side effects | show 🗑
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show | Monitor BP, HR, and ECG periodically throughout therapy and continuously throughout cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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constriction of the airway causing dyspnea with long, crowing respirations as the air tries to get past the constriction | show 🗑
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too much calcium causes: | show 🗑
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show | Muscle tetany Osteoporosis Retarded growth in children
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function of parathyroid | show 🗑
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subjective signs of hypoparathyroidism | show 🗑
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show | Positive Chvostek's sign Positive Trousseau's sign Laryngeal spasm/stridor Decreased cardiac output Spasms of the extremities, N/V, convulsions, cardiac dysrhythmias
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show | hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
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what are medical management steps for a pt with hypoparathyroidism | show 🗑
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show | emergency tracheostomy tray, airways, mechanical ventilation, and endotracheal intubation equipment
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what are some things you will want to teach your pt r/t hypoparathyroidism? | show 🗑
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loss of Ca+ from bones, Increased urinary excretion of phosphorus Bones become demineralized as calcium leaves and enters the bloodstream is related to | show 🗑
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what type of diet would you teach your pt r/t hypothyroidism? | show 🗑
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what are two nursing diagnoses r/t hypothyroidism? | show 🗑
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show | thyroid gland enlarges, low T3 signals pituitary gland, inadequate intake of iodine
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what are two types of medical mngt r/t a goiter? | show 🗑
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what are three post-op complications r/t a goiter? | show 🗑
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what are two nursing diagnoses r/t a goiter? | show 🗑
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what are examples of medical management r/t hyperparathyroidism? | show 🗑
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show | PARATHORMONE
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OVER PRODUCTION OF PARATHORMONE RESULTS IN INCREASED LEVELS OF WHAT ELECTROLYTE IN THE BLOOD? | show 🗑
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WHAT ARE POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERCALCEMIA | show 🗑
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WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM | show 🗑
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WHAT IS THE MEDICAL CARE FOR A PATIENT WITH HYPOPARATHYROIDISM | show 🗑
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what part of the body provides the fastest, lease variable absorption r/t insulin? | show 🗑
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how would you teach your DM pt to care for their feet? | show 🗑
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show | foot soaks and powders not recommended, clean socks daily, avoid tight garters, cut toenails straight across, no hot water or heating pads on feet-will burn you
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what kind of shoes would you teach/recommend for a DM pt? | show 🗑
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show | arteriosclerosis, lower extremities, kidneys, eyes, and heart
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show | Decreased ability to fight infection Delayed wound healing Cramping
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Any abnormal condition characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the peripheral nerves | show 🗑
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show | Legs
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Microvascular changes affect retinal capillaries, may cause cataracts and retinal detachment | show 🗑
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_________ and _______ imbalances occur due to the elevated blood glucose | show 🗑
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when ketones accumulate in the blood, pH ____ | show 🗑
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show | Client begins to hyperventilate in an effort to blow off CO2 to counteract the fall in pH
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early s/s of ketoacidosis | show 🗑
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early s/s of ketoacidosis | show 🗑
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show | False. cerebral edema may occur with sudden influx of fluids
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show | hypoglycemia
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initial symptoms of HYPOglycemia | show 🗑
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show | Dizziness Confusion Loss of speech Unable to control body movements Diplopia, blurred vision
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late s/s of HYPOglycemia | show 🗑
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show | True. administer rapid acting simple carbohydrate
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show | HYPOfunction
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show | Adrenalectomy Pituitary hypofunction Longstanding steroid therapy Idiopathic adrenal atrophy Cancer of the adrenal cortex Tuberculosis Autoimmune response
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show | decreased cortisol and aldosterone
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s/s of Addison's disease | show 🗑
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Changes in the color of the mucous membranes and skin, with darkly pigmented areas, weight loss, N/V | show 🗑
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what is a test that could be ordered to diagnose Addison's Disease | show 🗑
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what type of diet would you expect r/t Addison's Disease | show 🗑
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what nursing intervention would make most sense r/t Addison't Disease | show 🗑
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what are some nursing diagnoses r/t Addison't Disease? | show 🗑
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show | False. The physical changes are irreversible and pt is prone to developing complications
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defects of the hypothalamus which directs the anterior pituitary to release excess amounts of GH | show 🗑
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show | gigantism
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pt will appear well proportioned and well nourished but appear younger than their chronological age | show 🗑
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show | child is a great deal shorter than peers, well proportioned, but smaller. sexual development is usually normal but delayed, may produce normal offspring
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show | dopamine agonists
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This is not a complete set of the information. The drug section is not competely covered | show 🗑
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