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Microbial Metabolism
MIC 205 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define metabolism. | the sum of all chemical reactions, both anabolic and catabolic, within an organism |
| What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? | catabolism breaks down substances and produces energy; anabolism builds up substances and uses energy |
| Which pathway produces energy? | catabolism |
| Which pathway uses energy? | anabolism |
| In what form is this energy stored? | bonds of new compound |
| Which pathway produces water as a by-product? | anabolism |
| Which pathway requires water for biochemical reactions to occur? | catabolism |
| What is an enzyme? | Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy |
| What is a catalyst? | substance that changes the rate of reaction but does not get used up in reaction |
| Describe the parts of an enzyme. | apoenzyme (protein portion; cofactor (inorganic ions) or coenzyme |
| Name four factors that influence the action of enzymes. | temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors |
| What is a competitive enzyme inhibition? | molecule whose shape and structure are similar to the enzyme’s normal substrate; fills the active sit on enzyme |
| What is non-competitive inhibition? | molecule binds to an enzyme allosterically and changes the enzyme shape so the active sit is not the same |
| Describe how feedback inhibition conserves energy for a cell. | saves energy by preventing cells from making something they don’t need |
| What are oxidation/reduction reactions? | any metabolic reaction involving the transfer of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor |
| When a molecule is oxidized, what has happened to that molecule? | gives electrons and becomes more positively charged |
| What happens to a molecule when it is reduced? | accepts electrons; charge is “reduced” due to gain of electrons—becomes more negative |
| What three macromolecules do microbes routinely metabolize? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins |
| Why do organisms use biochemical pathways to metabolize products? | to produce energy (ATP) |
| Which molecule do most microbes metabolize most frequently? | glucose |
| Name two ways that microorganisms produce energy from glucose. | respiration and fermentation |
| What are the three biochemical pathways of respiration? | Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain |
| What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? | aerobic has a final electron acceptor of O; anaerobic has an inorganic molecule that is not O as its final electron acceptor (such as nitrate, sulfate, etc.) |
| NAD+ and FAD are electron/proton carriers. Where do they take their hydrogens when they are reduced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? | to the ETC |
| What is chemiosmosis? | process of releasing electrons from carrier molecules in the ETC to produce energy |
| What is the proton motive force? | a potential energy source caused from hydrogen ions collecting as they pass the membrane |
| What is produced in the Electron Transport Chain? | ATP |
| Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? | cytosol of both |
| Where is the Krebs Cycle located in eukaryotes? In prokaryotes? | cytosol of prokaryotes and mitochondria of eukaryotes |
| Where is the Electron Transport Chain located in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? | eukaryotes—mitochondrial membrane; prokaryotes—plasma membrane |
| Describe how cells catabolize proteins and fats. | Proteins are catabolized to AA that enter glycolysis; fats are catabolized to either fatty acids/glycerol, fatty acids are converted to acetyl-coA & enter the Krebs Cycle, & glycerol is converted to pyruvic acid that enter the Krebs Cycle/fermentation |
| If there is no oxygen available or a microorganism does not utilize oxygen but chooses to ferment a substrate, name some products that could serve as the final electron/proton acceptors. | nitrate, sulfate, etc. |
| Which pathway – respiration or fermentation – produces the most ATP? | respiration |
| What do bacteria do with the products formed by the anabolism of carbohydrates? | used for energy, construction of bacterial cell wall, nucleic acids, capsules, etc. |
| By the anabolism of fats and proteins? Give examples. | fats are used for membrane construction, pigments, energy storage, cell wall construction; proteins are used to make cell walls, toxins, membranes, etc. Carbon and nitrogen from AA used to make nucleic acids |
| What is an amphibolic pathway? | metabolic pathway that can be used for both catabolism and anabolism |
| What kinds of organisms are capable of photosynthesis? | some bacteria, algae, green plants, and a few protozoa |
| Where do photosynthetic organisms get their energy to produce sugar from the carbons in carbon dioxide? | light energy |
| What is produced in photophosphorylation? | ATP |
| What is produced in the Calvin Benson cycle? | glucose |
Created by:
slarmentrout
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