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What are the 3 crops grown throughout the world?
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From 1961 until 1992, the world cereal production approximately doubled. Through the use of fertilizers, improved technology, and enhanced crop cultivars and hybrids, what was the general effect on acreage?
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Final
Basic Crop Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 crops grown throughout the world? | wheat, rice, corn |
| From 1961 until 1992, the world cereal production approximately doubled. Through the use of fertilizers, improved technology, and enhanced crop cultivars and hybrids, what was the general effect on acreage? | Overall acreage production stayed the same |
| In our discussion in class, we determined that approximately 1 month of corn is currently in storage for future use. In reality, it is 1.5 months. How much cotton is currently in storage? | 6 months |
| Crop rotation help in controlling disease, weed, and insect pests. What would a disadvantage of planting rotational crops be? | Rotations may require specialized equipment and increase equipment cost |
| Rhizobia bacteria are able to survive in a relationship with leguminous plants to produce nitrogen. What type of relationship is this considered to be? | Symbiotic |
| How many acres of crop land are in AL? | 2 million |
| Which of the following are sciences that are involved in crop production? | Plant science, Soil science, Ag. Engineering, Economics |
| The top 3 states that ranked the highest for cash receipts in 2008 were: | California, Iowa, and Texas |
| Which statement best describes the current land available for food production (arable) as compared to the worlds populations? | Population is increasing and arable land is decreasing |
| A "biennial" plant has what characteristics with respect of life span? | Grows for the first year in the rosette stage, then flowers the second year |
| The "Circle of Poison" refers to which of the following: | Toxic, banned pesticides manufactured in the U.S. shipped to other countries, utilized in their ag products, and then imported back into our food chain |
| T or F: From the early 1960's through the early 1990's, world cropland was stable while the amount of cereal grain production almost doubled | True |
| When food production occurs on a relatively small area where inputs and overall yields are generally high, this is called? | Intensive agriculture |
| The southeastern U.S. has generally seen what type of change in cropland acreage over the past several years? | Decrease |
| If you were a hunter/gatherer on a deserted island, which of the following characteristic would be the least desirable in a crop that you might eventually plant? | Kills all living organisms dead as a hammer |
| The following scientists is considered to be responsible for producing a botanical classification system that is currently used to describe plants on a universal basis: | Carl Linnaeus |
| One of the problems with the "crop use" classification for our crops is that the terminology is overlapping. Which of the following terms does not describe the soybean in this type of classification? | Grain crop |
| Which of these crops would be considered an oil and fiber crop? | Cotton |
| T or F: Rice is considered a "hydrophyte". | True |
| The definition of "hydrophyte" is: | Plants that grow best when soil salinity is extremely high |
| Soil organisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen for legume plants in a symbiotic relationship are in the following genus: | none of the above |
| Temperature, water, soil pH, and soil nutrient content are examples of what type of environmental factor in crop production? | Abiotic factors |
| What is the specific term for the chemical suppression of one plant by another? In this case, one plant is not affected while the other one is detrimentally affected. | Allelopathy |
| Regular, intentional planting of successive crops on a field for the purpose of maximizing soil health, pest management, erosion control organic matter, and economically sustainable crop of forage production is called: | crop rotation |
| T or F: deciduous plants lose their leaves at the end of their growing season. In terms of ag production, this would include fruit and nut trees. | True |
| Some plants grow in the rosette stage the first year, then flower and die the second year. What is this called? | Biennial |
| Which on the following categories of special use crops is used extensively in southeastern ag? | Cover crop |
| The scientific name for "wheat" is: | Triticum aestivum L. |
| Which of the following terms best describes the response of Palmer amaranth to glyphosate? | Herbicide resistance |
| Grasses are members of which of the following plant families? | Poaceae |
| What has a negative affect on one plant but little or no effect on the other? | Allelopathy |
| The following plant family can assimilate nitrogen into plant usable forms: | Leguminosae and Fabaeae |
| The following factor is not a biotic factor in the ecological system: | Soil pH |
| Which of the following is an abiotic factor in the ecological system? | Temperature, rainfall, soil texture, precent land slope |
| When a grass weed competes with a crop like soybeans, the resulting interaction is called? | Interspecific competition |
| What idea did Professor J.F. Duggar have that helped to revolutionize food production for AL farmers? | Plant legume cover crops in the winter for organic matter and N |
| How much of their disposable income do Americans spend on food at home? | 6% |
| Norman Bourlaug was a brillant scientist that developed wheat cultivars that resisted lodging. In what country did he do most of his work? | Mexico |
| Dr. Bourlaug was awarded the Nobel Piece Prize for his work in ag. What was he credited in doing? | (all of the above) decreasing famine in underdeveloped countries, teaching people how to be more self-suffiecent, being the leader and the "father" of the Green Revolution, and being willing to work in the underdeveloped countries |
| Approximately what percentage of the world goes to bed every night after consuming grain developed by Bourlaug's work? | 50% |
| Stomates are openings in the leaf that regulate water loss and CO2 diffusion into the leaf. The guard cells open and close according to water pressure that is regulated by which nutrient? | Potassium |
| What type of roots originate above ground, are found in grass crops like corn, and help provide support for the plant? | Brace roots |
| T or F: one acre of land is equivalent to 4356 ft2 | False |
| Which of the following is not an advantage of vertical tillage? | Increases rainfall/water erosion |
| In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? | Chloroplast |
| In a germinating dicot seedling, if the end of the radicle dies, what type of root system results? | None of the above |
| The function of the root system includes which of the following? | Storage, support, absorption, nutrient transportation |
| What factors cause corn to lodge? | High winds, over-fertilization, high plant populations, and brace root damage |
| When leaves are arranged such that their angle to the incoming light source is at 60 degrees, how much light is hitting the ground? | 50% |
| When a plant is grown in very low light intensity, it often becomes spindly and weak. This condition is referred to as: | Etiolation |
| In a recent poll, it was noted that the Irish potato is the most popular “corm” in the world, with over 92% of U.S. citizens eating French fries everyday. This statement is not true because: | Irish potatoes are actually tubers |
| During the winter of 2011, several corn fields (V6 stage with 6 nodes) in Alabama were hit by freezing temperatures. After several days, the corn failed to recover and the field had to be replanted. Why? | The growing point was above the ground and was killed |
| Soybeans are considered legumes and can produce their own nitrogen. On the soybean, what type of leaf is the first true leaf after the cotyledons? | Unifoliate |
| In respiration, ATP is produced from sucrose + oxygen + ADP + Pi. What is this set of reactions referred to as? | Kreb’s cycle |
| In crop genetics and plant inheritance, phenotypic variation is represented by the following equation: P = G + E, where “G” stands for: | Genotype |
| Soil water that has a very strong tension (-10,000 bars) and is not available for plant use is called “water of adhesion”. What is the water called that is available for plant use and is held at 1/3 bar? It is the “water of….” | Cohesion |
| According to the video, which of the following are responsible for most soil erosion? | Wind and water |
| If you were a soybean farmer, which of the following planting methods would you use to ensure that ground coverage occurred quickly to reduce weed competition? | No-till drill |
| What are the percentages of the components that comprise a typical soil? | 45% Mineral + 5% O.M. + 25% water + 25% air |
| What is the number 1 rule for seed germination? | Seed to soil contact |
| What method(s) can be used to break physical and physiological seed dormancies? | Scarification and stratification |
| What structure(s) provide food for “corn” seedlings before photosynthesis takes over? | Endosperm |
| Some of the first John Deere tractors used a 2-cylinder motor that had a distinctive sound. What were these tractors nicknamed? | Poppin’ Johnnies |
| What country is the center of origin for cotton? | Mexico |
| True or False: Seed viability is a measure of the % of seeds that will sprout and grow under the current conditions. | False |
| What function does the hypocotyl play when the seed develops? | Develops in a shoot |
| Each crop has a range of temperatures at which its seed will germinate. They are the maximum, minimum, and optimum and are called: | Cardinal temps |
| What is the process called where parent material goes through changes that make it able to support life? | Weathering |
| What is the most important factor affecting seed viability? | Seed moisture |
| What is the scientific name for peanut? | Arachis hypogaea L. |
| If a plant trait is not always expressed by the plant but can be passed on from generation to generation, that trait is said to be: | Recessive |
| T or F: In plant inheritance, phenotypic expression cannot be changed by environment and management. | False |
| In a fertilizer analysis, the levels of N-P-K are provided on the bag or on the appropriate labeling. What does N-P-K stand for? | nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium |
| Where would the highest rate of decomposition of dead vegetative and animal materials (detritus) occur? | Tropical environment |
| In African countries, what percentage of the farm work is done by women? | 70% |
| What two gene transfer methods are commonly used in genetic engineering? | Gene gun & Agrobacterium tumefasciens |
| Cotton that produces “brown lint” was not the result of genetic engineering technology but rather through traditional breeding techniques. Who was the primary plant breeder that helped to develop brown cotton? | Sally fox |
| John Deere (the man) was a blacksmith who was able to use his talent to help make the mid-west into a productive “bread basket” for the U.S. What implement did he invent? | A turning plow that would shed the heavy soil |
| As we discussed in class, the general equation for Phenotype (P) is P = G + E. What does “phenotype” mean? | How the plant looks vegetatively and its general growth habit |
| What country is the center of origin for soybean? | China |
| John Deere made his first plow out of: | Saw blade |
| In relative proportions, what percent air and water would there be in a “typical” soil? | 25% and 25% |
| Which crop has “brace roots” to help keep it anchored to the soil? | Corn |
| There are 2 major problems with land applying poultry manure on crop fields and pasture. One is phosphorus content. What is the other? | Causes the neighbors complain because of odor |
| A “hybrid” is the offspring that results from cross-fertilizing two unrelated crop strains, etc. Which crop has seed that is developed through this process? | Corn |
| True or False: Nutrients dissolved in water can move through the soil and be intercepted by plant roots. Nutrients are then moved through the plant with the change in “tension”. This process is called “mass flow”. | True |
| What crop has the scientific name Gossypium hirsutum L.? | Cotton |
| There are essentially five soil forming requirements. Which of the following are those that we discussed? | climate, vegetation, time, parent material, topography |
| When water in soil macro-pores drain due to gravity, the soil is still moist and at “field capacity”. What is the level of tension exerted on the remaining water? | -1/3 bars |
| What would the typical range of organic matter be in a typical Alabama soil? | 0.3 to 2.5% |
| When John Deere (the company) decided to start making and marketing tractors, they bought the “Waterloo Boy” company that made motors. What type of fuel did the Waterloo Boy tractor utilize? | Kerosene |
| What other names for “peanut” are used across the world? | Goober pea |
| In the soil profile, what 2 horizons primarily support plant life? | O&A |
| Using a Punnett’s Square to illustrate the crossing of two parents (TT = tall and tt = short), what percentage of the offspring is considered heterozygous (Tt)? | 100% |
| Which of the following is NOT a common pollinator? | Deer |
| True or False: Corn is a dioecious plant because it has male and female flowers on separate plants. | False |
| There are three basic types of inflorescence for grasses. These include: spike, raceme, and _______________ . | Panicle |
| 4. When dicot plants are considered, we discussed three basic inflorescence types. Which type below does the “wild carrot”, sometimes “Queen Anne’s Lace”, exhibit? | none of the above |
| The sunflower has two types of flowers on the same head. What are they? | Disk and Ray |
| Historically, which type of soybean have we typically planted and grown in the South? | Determinate |
| Some plants, like wheat and peaches, require a cold period below a certain temperature in order to initiate flowering. This is know as: | Vernalization |
| With photoperiodism response, the conversion and ratio of Pr to Pfr is critical. In order for Pfr to be converted to Pr, plants require: | Darkness |
| True or False: Short-day plants begin to flower with the onset of shorter nights. | False |
| Which of the following plants is considered indeterminate in its flowering and growth? | Cotton |
| Two advantages of asexual reproduction are: | Offspring is identical to parents; poor countries can easily save plant parts and plant new fields |
| We discussed a term coined by an ag economist called the “dead cat bounce”. The use of this term simply means that: | A falling market will “bounce” when it reaches the bottom even though there is no real potential |
| Crop rotations help with breaking the cycles of insects, diseases, weeds, and nematodes. The following crop sequence should NOT be used by producers: | Peanut fb soybean fb peanut fb soybean |
| True or False: June is a critical month for corn because high temperatures can kill the pollen. | True |
| True or False: Producers of “organic” farm products cannot use Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to control worm pests, regardless of whether it is applied as a spray or is genetically engineered into the plant. | False |
| Palmer amaranth is a weed that is considered to be “dioecious”. This means that it: | Produces pollen on the male plants and seeds on the female plants |
| The bracts on a cotton plant flower fold together to make a triangular shape. When the flower bud is first formed these folded bracts offer protection and are referred to as a: | PHS-Pinhead square |
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