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1204 Final BP

Question	Answer
Florence Nightengale	Dropped death rate from 60% to 1% Believed in nutrition, clean air, therapy, and continuing education as a nurse. Started first training school for nurses.
Dorothea Dix	Social worker, appointed by Union government to provide nursing to the soldiers.
Clara Barton	Took volunteers into field hospitals, later founded the American Red Cross
Lillian Wald	Took nursing into the community.
LVN Roles	Caregiver, Educator, Collaboraor, Manager
Caregiver	Aimed at restoring and maintaining a persons health. Interventions are actions taken to improve, maintain, restore, or prevent illness. Encourage growth toward wellness so that the pt can be self-reliant again.
Educator	Directed toward promoting wellness and preventing illness. Teaching about: Medicines, dressing changes, emotional support. Patient advocacy.
Collaborator	Work with the RN and other members of the healtcare team to provide continuity of care for the patient. Delegation to UAP's.
Standards of Care	Defined in nursing procedure books,institutional manuals of policies and procedures of protocols, and nursing journals that outline current skills or techniques.
THE Standards Of Care	Governed by rule 217.11
Standards of Care are important...	in the case of a lawsuit; they help determine whether a nurse practiced appropriately in a situation.
Reviewed and updated every 24 hours	Interventions documented on flow sheet or nurses notes. Evaluations in nurses notes.
PIE charting	Problem, Intervention, Evaluation
If outcomes aren't met	revise interventions
Interventions	are actions taken to improve, maintain, or restore or prevent illness.
Primary Prevention	Avoids or delays occurrence of a specific disease or disorder Ex: Immunizations
Secondary Prevention	Following guidelines for screening for disease Ex: Pap smears, TB test
Tertiary Prevention	Rehab after pt has already had disease Ex: Cardiac Rehab
Managed Care	Documentation is VITAL. Must prove that procedure is necessary. Lay the Ground work!!! Attempt at decreasing healthcare costs.
Four Common Goals of Nursing	To Promote Wellness, Prevent Illness, Facilitate Coping, Restore Health
Health	Relative state in which one is able to function well physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually in order to express the full range of ones unique potentialities within the environment in which they are living.
Acute Illness	One that develops suddenly and resolves in a short time
Chronic Illness	Presisting for a long time
Terminal illness	Illness with no cure available, ends in death.
Primary Illness	One that develops without being caused by another health problem.
Secondary Illness	Results from the primary illness
Idiopathic Illness	One for which there is no known etiology (cause)
Holistic Approach	Considers biologic, psychological, sociological, and spiritual aspects and needs of the pt.
Holistic Health Care	traditional methods of surgical intervention and drug prescription are being combined with or replaced by acupuncture, acupressure, biofeedback, meditation to reduce tension and stress, and various relaxation techniques for the mgmt of pain.
Maslow's Theory of Basic Needs	The basic physical needs such as food, air, water, and rest must satisfied before higher emotional-level needs emerge. Each need must be met before progressing to the next level.
On the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy - must be fulfilled first:	Physiologic Needs: oxygen, blood, nutrition, and elimination. Protection from physical harm, from a nursing standpoint, it often equivalent in importance to physical needs. Rest. Musculoskeletal activity. Sexual Expression.
2nd from the bottom of Maslow's Hierarchy:	Security and belonging: people must feel safe and free of fear. Comfortable when their safety needs are met. Avoid harm; freedom from fear. Active listening on the part of the nurse is essential.
3rd from the bottom of Maslow's Hierarchy:	Self-Esteem and Love: need for giving and receiving affection. Companionship. Satisfactory interpersonal relationships. Both Giving and receiving. Intimacy.
Tippy Top of Maslow's Hierarchy (last need met):	Self-Actualization: Feeling of self-fulfillment. Realization of his or her highest potential. Occurs with individuals are very comfortable with themselves and are certain of their beliefs and values.
Stress	is sum of biologic reactions that take place in response to any stressor (adverse stimulus)
Effects of Stress Depends on	Pts perception of stress. Degree of health and fitness. Previous life experiences and personality. Available social support system. Personal coping mechanisms.
Stress Coping Responses	Change the situation so it is not stressfull. Alteration of thoughts to control the meaning of a situation before it triggers a stress response. COntrol of thoughts and actions to stop a stress reaction.
Defense Mechanisms	protect us from increased anxiety. Used to maintain and improve our self-esteem. Gives us time to solve problems and adapt in a positive manner.
Repression	Blocking from memory
Denial	More Serious form of blocking
Projection	Blaming someone else
Reaction-Formation	Act opposite of how you feel
Regression	Returning to an earlier level of adaptation
Rationalization	Justify an experience
Identification	Modeling behavior after someone else
Introjection	unconscious imitation
Displacement	placing intense feelings on a less threatening object
sublimation	rechanneling an impulse into a more socially desireable object.
Stress reduction techniques	progressive relaxation, massage, biofeedback, yoga, meditation, physical exercise.
The body deals with stressors by	secretion of hormones
Alarm stage	Hormone release mobilizes the body's defense
Stage of resistance	Body is battling equilibrium
Stage of Exhaustion	Occurs if the stressor is severe enough or is present over a long period of time.
Constitutional Law	Formal laws within the framework of the Constitution. Identifies rights and privileges to which the process of checks and balances, protecting the entire nation. EXAMPLE: Free speech and right to privacy.
Statutory Laws	Laws enacted by federal, state, or local legislatures. Statute - Legal term for a law. EXAMPLE: state nurse practice act
Administrative Laws	Legal provisions through which federal, state, and local agencies maintain self-regulation. Affects power to manage governmental agencies. The state board of nursing is an example of an administrative agency that enforces administrative law.
Common Laws	Litigation that falls outside the realm of constitutional, statutory, and administrative law. Decisions based on prior cases of similar nature (judicial law)
Criminal Law	Penal codes that protect the safety of all citizens from people who pose a threat to the public good. Misdemeanor: minor criminal offense. Felony: Serious criminal offense.
Civil Law	Statutes that protect personal freedom and rights (EXAMPLE: Freedom from character attacks).
Good Samaritan Laws	Laws that provide legal immunity to individuals who provide emergency first aid to victims of accidents.
tort	litigation in which one person asserts that an injury, which may be physical, emotional, or financial, related to a consequence of anothers actions or failure to act.
Intentional Torts	Assault, battery, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy, defamation
Unintentional Torts	Situations that result in injury. Negligence, Malpractice.
False imprisonment	interference with a person's freedom to move about at will without legal authority to do so
Assault	threat or an attempt to do bodily harm
battery	an unauthorized physical contact
Professional Liability	Obtain liability insurance. Familiarity of legal mechanisms such as, good samaritan laws, statutes of limitations, principles regarding assumption of risk, appropriate documentation, risk management, incident reports, anecdotal records.
Elements of Malpractice	You wed a duty to the patient, You breached that duty, The pt was injured, The injury occurred as a result of the breach of duty.
Protection of Malpractice	Participation in continuing education programs, Administrative of competent care, communicating a caring and compassionate attitude.
Malpractice	Professional negligence (holds professionals to a higher standard of accountability)
Negligence	Harm that results because a person (that is a reasonably prudent person would do or would not do) did not act reasonably.
Student nurse	Held to the same standards as a license nurse. Perform a task with the same outcome to the patient. Student is legally responsible for his/her own actions or inaction. Students must consult with their instructors.
Patient chart	is property of the hospital, not the patient. Legal document. Begins when the pt enters the healthcare system.
informed consent	pts agreement to allow something to happen, such as surgery, based on full disclosure of risks, benefits, alternatives and consequences of refusal.
Informed consent includes the following:	Pt and witness signature, date and time, verification that it was voluntary and risks benefits and alternatives were discussed. Verification that the pt understands the procedure and has had all questions answered.
Delegation	transferring responsibility for the performance of an activity or task while retaining accountability for the outcome
Five rights of delegation	Right task, Right circumstance, Right person, Right direction/communication, Right supervision
Confidentiality	Safeguarding a persons health information from public disclosure. Nurses must not divulge health information to unauthorized individuals without the clients written permission.
ethical dilemma	choice between two undesirable alternatives
How to process an ethical dilemma	distressing to both the pts and caregivers, institutional ethics committee to help reach decisions.
SBAR Communication	Helpful when communicating with physicians due to both fields of learning communicate differently.
SBAR	S: situation / B: Background / A: Assessment / R: Recommendation
Ethnocentrism	holding one's own way of life as superior to others.
Stereotyping	results in a tendency to fit every person into a particular pattern without further assessment
Methods of Charting	Narrative Charting, Problem-Oriented Medical Records (SOAP, Focus, PIE), Source Records, Charting by Exception, Computerized Charting
Ethics Committee	Consider the ethical Dilemma
Ethical Code	Actions and beliefs approved of by a particular group. There is not often one right action.
End of Shift Report	Room number, Tests and treatments or therapies performed in the past 24hrs w/ pt response, significant changes in pt condition, scheduled tests, consults, current iv solutions, next solution to be hung, oxygen flow rate, current problems, concerns
Spirituality	awareness of ones inner self and sense of connection to a higher being, nature or to some purpose greater than oneself.
Laissez Faire	permissive does not attempt to control the team and offers little or no direction.
autocratic	authoritarian tightly controls the members of the team.
Democratic	consults with staff members and seeks staff participation in decision making.
Touch	Remember touch needs to be beneficial to the pt. Touch when is caring it is considered to be therapeutic.
Listening Skills	Listening is also a skill. It involves both hearing and interpreting what another says. It requires attention and concentration to organize, evaluate, and validate clues to the patients true meaning.
Purpose of Pt Teaching	Nurses teach pts about their disease or disorder, including diet, medications, treatment, and self-care.
One of the nurses most important responsibilities	Patient teaching!
Therapeutic Communication	Helps a pt cope, active listening, establish a good nurse-pt relationship, gain trust!
Nurse-pt relationship	Gain trust
Empathy	ability to understand and accept another persons reality
Sympathy	concern, sorrow, or pity you feel for a pt when you can personally identify with his/her needs
Respite Care	Type of care for an elder who lives at home. Can provide form much-needed psychological and physical rest for caregivers.
Slander	Oral (spoken) defamation.
Libel	Written Defamation.
Cultural Specific Disease: African or Mediterranean	sickle cell trait or sickle cell anemia
Cultural Specific Disease: African Americans	Keloid formation and sarcoidosis
Cultural Specific Disease: Eastern European Jewish ancestry	Tay-Sachs
Cultural Specific Disease: Hispanic, African, Chinese, Thai and American Indian	Lactose Intolerance
Cultural Specific Disease: Hispanic and American Indian	Diabetes
Cultural Specific Disease: African American and Pacific Islanders	Hypertension
HIPAA	Covers 6 pt rights and provider responsibilities: Consent (written consent to disclose info), Notice (of these 6 rights), Access (to med record), Amedment (his record for accuracy), Accounting for disclosures , and Restriction of Disclosure.

Created by: christinego

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