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Research Psych
Final Exam Study - Design Type
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an experimental research design? | A type of research design that involves manipulation of an independent variable, allowing control of extraneous variables that could affect the results |
| What are between-subjects variables? | Each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable. |
| What are within-subjects variables? | Each participant experiences all levels of the variable. |
| What is a quasi-experiment? | A type of research design where a comparison is made, as in an experiment, but no random assignment of participants to groups occurs |
| What is the key difference between experiments and quasi-experiments? | The random assignment of participants to groups is missing in a quasi-experiment. |
| Define random assignment | Participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable |
| Define matched design | A between-subjects experiment that involves sets of participants matched on a specific characteristic with each member of the set randomly assigned to a different level of the independent variable |
| Define correlational study | A type of research design that examines the relationships between multiple dependent variables, without manipulating any of the variables/ |
| What is the difference between a predictor variable and an outcome variable in a correlational study? | A predictor variable is the DV in a correlational study that is used to predict the score on another variable. The outcome variable is the DV in a correlational study that is being predicted by the predictor variable |
| What is the overall goal of correlational studies? | To determine if different behaviors are connected and occur together. |
| Which research design allows you to infer causality? | Well-designed experimental research studies allow researchers to to test causal relationships. This is because experiments allow for tests of causal relationships by manipulation of the IV(s). |
| In experimental designs, what is the difference between the experimental group and the control group? | The experimental group is the group of participants that experiences the treatment level of the IV while the control group are the participants that don't experience the treatment level of the IV. |
| What is a confounding variable? | These are extraneous variables which only affect one condition and so usually cause a bias in the results. If not controlled, the causal relationship between the IV and DV will be unclear. |
| What are extraneous variables? | Any variables in your experiment that are not part of your manipulation. They effect your results, but they usually affect all of the conditions equally and so they do not create biases in your results. |
| What is internal validity? | The degree to which a study provides causal information about behavior |
| What is external validity? | The degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study |
| How does validity affect the results of a study? | Having good internal validity in a study means reducing bias that can affect the results and providing a good test of the hypothesis. Good external validity means studying behaviors and obtaining results that generalize to individuals beyond the study. |
| What is reliability and how does it affect the results of a study? | Reliability is the degree to which the results of a study can be replicated under similar conditions. Having reliable data in a study means having results that would occur again in a similar situation |
| What are some cons of correlational studies? | They do not contain IVs that are manipulated by the researcher. Thus, the third-variable problem exists in correlational studies due to a lack of sufficient control of extraneous variables. |
| What are third-variable problems? | The presence of extraneous factors in a study that affect the dependent variable can decrease the internal validity of the study. These are the reason that researchers cannot determine causation from correlational studies |
| What are some pros of correlational studies? | They provide information that allows researchers to determine which variables should be considered when they design tests of causal relationships. |
| What aspects of experimental designs allow for greater internal validity than other research designs? | The manipulation of a variable (IV) and the additional controls for confounding variables allow for greater internal validity. |
| What is the best way to increase internal validity in experimental designs? | Random assignment of participants is a means of controlling for participant differences across groups and will increase the internal validity of the experiment. |
| What is a pretest-posttest in quasi-experiments? | A type of research design where behavior is measured both before and after a treatment or condition is implemented. |
| What is a Solomon Four Group design? | pretest-posttest design with two sets of nonequivalent groups, one set that takes the pretest and posttest and one set that takes only the posttest. Can help when evaluating testing effects |
| What is a time series design? | A research design where patterns of scores over time are compared from before a treatment is implemented and after a treatment is implemented |
| Define interrupted time series design | A time series design were the treatment is an independent event that the researchers have no control over, such as a historical event. |
| Define noninterrupted time series design | A time series design where the treatment is implemented by the researcher |
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cassidylm34
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