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Selective Attention
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Cocktail Party Effect
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AP Psych Ch 6 Vocab
Psychology Eighth Edition by David G. Myers
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Selective Attention | the focusing on conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, like the cocktail theory. |
| Cocktail Party Effect | being able to distinguish one thing in a large setting. For Example, being able to hear your name in a large party just spoken by others. |
| Inattentional Blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. |
| Visual Capture | the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses. |
| Gestalt | The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. |
| Figure Ground | the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). |
| Grouping | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. |
| Proximity | we group nearby figures together. We see three sets of two lines. |
| Similarity | we group together figures that are similar to each other. We see triangles and circles in vertical rows. |
| Continuity | We perceive smooth, continuous patters rather than discontinued ones. We see a straight and wavy line instead of a straight line and half circles. |
| Connectedness | because the balls are connected and uniform, we see them as two dots and a line and count them as a single unit. |
| Closure | We fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole image. |
| Depth Perception | the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. |
| Binocular Cues | depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depends on the use of two eyes. |
| Retinal Disparity | a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance—the greater the difference between the two images, the closer the object. |
| Convergence | a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer the object. |
| Monocular Cues | depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. |
| Relative Size | If we assume that two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away. |
| Interposition | If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer. |
| Relative Clarity | Because light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere, we perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp, clear objects. |
| Texture Gradient | A gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance. Objects far away appear smaller and more densely packed. |
| Relative Height | We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away. |
| Relative Motion | As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move. The ground when in a car looks like its racing by, but looking straight ahead, the time doesn’t seem as bad. |
| Linear Perspective | Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. |
| Light and Shadow | Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one seems farther away. |
| Motion Perception | ex. Larger objects look like they are moving slower than smaller objects. (trains and cars) |
| Phi Phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. |
| Perceptual Constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change. |
| Size | we perceive objects to having a constant size. |
| Shape | we perceive the form of familiar objects as constant even while our retinal images of them change. |
| Size-Distance | given an objects perceived distance and the size of its image on our retinas, we instantly and unconsciously infer the objects size. (the moon) |
| Lightness | we perceive an object as having a constant lightness even while its illumination varies. |
| Perceptual Interpretation | Insight, intuition, or knowledge gained by perceiving. |
| Sensory Deprivation | is the deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses. |
| Perceptual Adaptation | in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. |
| Perceptual Set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. |
| Context Effects | a given stimulus may trigger radically different perceptions, partly because of our differing schemas, but also because of the immediate context. Ex. Given “eel on a wagon” you would actually perceive the word as wheel, if given “eel an orange” |
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BrandonMush
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