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chp. 12 studyguide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where are DNA molecules located in prokaryotic cells? | Cytoplasm |
| What is the prokaryotic single circular DNA molecule that contains nearly all of the cell's genetic information? | Chromosome |
| What is eukaryotic DNA generally located in the cell nucleus in the form of? | Chromosomes |
| Home many chromosomes do human diploid cell have? | 46 |
| How many chromosomes are in Drosophilia cells? | 8 |
| How many chromosomes does a giant sequoia tree cell have? | 22 |
| How long are DNA molecules? | 1.6mm |
| How does the DNA molecule fit inside a typical bacterium? | It is folded into a space one one-thousandth of its length |
| What do Eukaryotic chromosomes containing both DNA and protein, tightly packed together, form? | Chromatin |
| ____ consists of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones. | Chromatin |
| What makes up a nucleosome? | DNA and histone molecules |
| Each strand of DNA double helix has all the information needed to reconstruct the other half by the mechanism of ____. | Base pairing |
| Because each strand can be used to make the other strand, the strands are said to be ___. | Complementary |
| How does DNA replication work in most prokaryotes? | Replication begins at a single point in the chromosome and proceeds, often in two directions, until the entire chromosome is replicated. |
| How does DNA replication work in larger eukaryotic chromosomes? | Replication occurs at hundreds of places. It proceeds in both directions until each chromosome is completely copied. |
| What are the sites where separation and replication occur called? | Replication forks |
| Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called _____. | Replication |
| What does each strand of the double helix of the DNA serve as? | A template, or model, for the new strand |
| Each DNA molecule resulting from replication has ___ original strand and ___ new strand | one, one |
| What are enzymes often named for? | Reactions they catalyze |
| What is the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication called? | DNA polymerase |
| What joins individual nucleotides to produce DNA molecules, which is a polymer? | DNA polymerase |
| Which scientist was trying to figure out why bacteria make people sick? | Frederick Griffith |
| How were Griffith's two strains of pnumonia distinguished? | One grew rough cultures, one grew smooth cultures |
| What happened in Griffith's first experiment? | Mice injected with the strain that caused pneumonia died. Mice injected which the strain that did not cause pneumonia lived. Heated the cultures and killed bacteria, injected mice and they lived. |
| What happened in Griffith's second experiment? | Mixed the heat-killed disease causing bacteria with live harmless bacteria and injected the mice; developed pneumonia and died. Somehow the heat-killed bacteria passed their disease-causing ability to the harmless strain. |
| What did Griffith call the process when one strain of bacteria had apparently been permanently changed into another? | Transformation |
| Which scientist wanted to repeat Griffith's work? | Avery |
| Which scientist wanted to know what molecule in the heat-killed bacteria was most important for transformation? | Avery |
| How did Avery's experiment work? | Made an extract from the heat-killed bacteria then treated it with enzymes that destroyed proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, other molecules, and nucleic acid RNA. But the transformation still occured. |
| After transformation still occured, what did Avery realize? | DNA was the tranforming factor. Nucleic Acid DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next. |
| Which scientists realized if they could determine which part of the virus entered the infected cell, they would know if genes were made of protein or DNA? | Hershey and Chase. |
| How did they prove if the genes were made of protein or DNA? | Grew viruses in cultures containing radioactive isotopes of phosphorus and sulfur. **proteins contain almost no phosphorus and DNA contains no sulfur. |
| What were used as markers? | Phosphorus and Sulfur |
| If ___ was found in the bacteria it would mean the protein had been injected into the bacteria. | Sulfur |
| If ___ was found in the bacteria it would mean the DNA had been injected into the bacteria. | Phosphorus |
| Nearly all the bacteria had ____, the marker used for ____. | Phosphorus, DNA |
| What was proved in the Hershey-Chase experiment? | Genetic material of the bacteriphage was DNA not protein. |
| DNA is made up of units called ____. | Nucleotides |
| What are the 3 critical things that genes are known to do? | 1. Carry information from one generation to the next. 2. Put that information to work by determining the capability of being inherited characteristics of organisms. 3. Had to be easily copied, because a cell's genetic information is replicated often |
| What are a nucleotides' 3 basic components? | 1) a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose 2) phosphate group 3)nitrogenous base |
| What are the two groups of nitrogenous bases? | Purines and Pyrimidines |
| What are the purines? | Adeneine and Guanine, have 2 rings in their structures |
| What are the pyrimidines? | Cytosine and Thymine, have 1 ring in their structures |
| What is Chargaff's rule? | A=T,, G=C |
| Who discovered why organisms and humans both obeyed Chargaff's rule? | Rosalind Franklin |
| What was Franklin's experiment? | Used x-ray beam to concentrated DNA samples, and she recorded the scattering pattern on the x-ray finds |
| What did the x-ray reveal? | Strands of DNA are twisted around each other like the coils of a spring -- refered to as a helix |
| the nitrogenous bases are near the ____ of the molecule. | Center |
| For every adenine in a double-stranded DNA molecule, there has to be exactly one ____ molecule. | Thymine |
| For each cytosine molecule there was exactly one ____ molecule. | Guanine |
Created by:
jena_leigh
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