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1. What portion of the nervous system does the neural tube form?
2. What portion of the nervous system do the neural crest cells form?
2. What portion of the nervous system do the neural crest cells form?
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Neurulation begins in week __ of development.
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Embryology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. What portion of the nervous system does the neural tube form? 2. What portion of the nervous system do the neural crest cells form? | 1. CNS, lower motor neurons, preganglionic neurons 2. sensory and postganglionic neurons |
| Neurulation begins in week __ of development. | week 3 |
| What is the function of the notochord? | induces the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate (neural plate then gives rise to the neural tube and neural crest cells) |
| Divides the neural tube into a ventral and dorsal area? | sulcus limitans |
| Neural tissue of the 1. telencephalon 2. diencephalon 3. mesencephalon 4. metencephalon 5. myelencephalon | 1. cerebral hemispheres 2. thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary 3. midbrain 4. pons, cerebellum 5. medulla |
| Ventricles of the 1. telencephalon 2. diencephalon 3. mesencephalon 4. metencephalon 5. myelencephalon | 1. lateral 2. third ventricle 3. cerebral aqueduct 4. fourth ventricle 5. central canal |
| 1. failure of the rostral neuropore to close causes 2. failure of the caudal neuropore to close causes | 1. anencephaly 2. spina bifida |
| The right ventricle of the heart is formed primarily from which embryonic structure? | Bulbus Cordis |
| The folding of the heart tube takes place during which week of development? | 4th week |
| What week of development does the cardiovascular system start to develop? | 3rd week |
| Dextrocardia | abnormal condition where the heart is located toward the right side of the chest |
| Situs inversus | condition where all organs are mirror image of normal; usually asymptomatic (related to Kartagener's syndrome) |
| Extend from the dosal and ventral heart wall to create the atriovetnricular canals. | endocardial cushions |
| Separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries. | aorticopulmonary septum (neural crest cells form) |
| What happens to the following structures after birth? 1. Umbilical Veins 2. Ductus Venosus 3. Ductus arteriosus 4. Umbilical artery | 1. Ligamentum teres 2. Ligamentum venosus 3. ligamentum arteriosum 4. medial umbulical ligaments |
| What are the malformation of the tetrology of fallot? | 1. overriding aorta 2. pulmonary stenosis 3. ventricular septal defect 4. hypertrophy of the right ventricle |
| Where do the following ASDs occur in the atria? 1. Ostium Primum 2. Ostium Secundum 3. Sinus Venosus | 1. bottom 2. middle 3. top |
| Identify the origin of the major heart input/outputs: 1. Inferior vena cava 2. superior vena cava 3. coronary sinus 4. aorta 5. pulmonary arteries | 1. right vitelline 2. right cardinal 3. left horn of the sinus venosus 4. anterior truncus arteriosus then 4th aortic arch 5. posterior truncus arteriosus then 6th aortic arch |
| Before birth, is pulmonary or systemic circulation under higher pressure? Why? | pulmonary because of hypoxic vasoconstriction which increases resistance and thus pressure |
| What forms to separate the trachea from the esophagus? | tracheoesophageal ridges grow together to form a septum |
| Which pharyngeal branches make the larynx? | 4 and 6 |
| What is the blood supply to the: 1. Foregut 2. Midgut 3. Hindgut | 1. celiac artery 2. superior mesenteric artery 3. inferior mesenteric artery |
| 1. Dorsal bud of the pancreas comes from which structure? 2. Which portion of the pancreas does it develop into? | 1. duodenum 2. tail and body |
| 1. Ventral bud of the pancreas comes from which structure? 2. Which portion of the pancreas does it develop into? | 1. gallbladder 2. head & uncinate process |
| 1. Accessory pancreatic duct is made from which pancreatic bud? 2. Main pancreatic duct is made form which pancreatic bud? | 1. dorsal 2. some dorsal but mostly ventral |
| What does the gallbladder grow out of? | bile duct |
| 1. In what week of development do the intestines begin to herniate? 2. Which week do they return? | 1. 6th 2. 10th |
| What is the vitelline duct? | tube that joins the yolk sac to the midgut lumen of the fetus (may persist as a Meckel's diverticulum) |
| What two hormones are secreted by the fetal testis that contribute to male differentiation? Which cells of the testis secrete them? | 1. Mullerian inhibiting substance - Sertoli cells 2. Testosterone - Leydig cells |
| Which hormone is responsible for: 1. Male internal genitalia development 2. Male external genitalia development | 1. testosterone 2. DHT |
| What is the pathway for germ cell movement during the 6th week of development? | migrate from yolk sac up the hindgut and into the genital ridge |
| Determine which layer of the testes joins with the following structures 1. external oblique 2. internal oblique 3. transverse abdominis 4. transversalis fascia 5. parietal peritoneum | 1. external spermatic fascia 2. cremaster muscle 3. nothing 4. internal spermatic fascia 5. tunica vaginalis |
| What do the structures develop into in a male: 1. genital tubercle 2. urogenital folds 3. labioscrotal swellings | 1. penis, glans penis, corpora spongiosum and cavernosa 2. ventral aspect of penis 3. scrotum |
| What do the structures develop into in a female: 1. genital tubercle 2. urogenital folds 3. labioscrotal swellings | 1. clitoris, glans clitoris 2. labia minora 3. labia majora |
| What are the two divisions of the blastocyst? What do these divisions give rise to? | 1. trophoblast -- placenta 2. embryoblast -- embryo |
| At week 2, the trophoblast develops into what two layers? | cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast |
| Which cell layers does the following form into: 1. epiblast 2. hypoblast | 1. ectoderm and mesoderm 2. endoderm |
| What is the process of estrogen production by the fetoplacental unit (starting with cholesterol)? | 1. cholesterol is taken up by the placenta from maternal blood and converted to DHEA by the fetal adrenal gland 2. DHEA is converted to estrogen by the placenta |
| Paramesonephric duct develops into | female fallopian tube, cervix, upper vagina |
| 1. At which fetal stage does implantation occur? 2. How many cells make up this stage? | 1. blastocyst 2. 100+ cells |
| How do the following teratogens effect the fetus? 1. DES 2. folate antagonists 3. lithium | 1. vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma 2. neural tube defects 3. Enstein's anomaly (atrialized right ventricle) |
| How do dizygotic and monozygotic twins differ in the number of: 1. amniotic sacs 2. chorions 3. placentas | 1. both have 2 amniotic sacs 2. dizygotic have 2 chorion while monozygotic share a chorion 3. both have 2 placentas |
| 1. inner layer of the chorionic villi that makes cells 2. outer layer of the chorionic villi that secrets βhCG | 1. cytotrophoblast 2. syncytiotrophoblast |
| Duct between the bladder and yolk sac | urachus |
| What are the sites of fetal erythropoiesis in order: | 1. yolk sac 2. liver 3. spleen 4. bone marrow |
| Which fetal shunt bypasses hepatic circulation. | ductus venosus |
| Remnant of the umbilical vein | Ligamentum teres |
| Remnant of the ductus arteriosus | Ligamentum arteriosum |
| Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum | Chiari II |
| Large posterior fossa with absent cerebellar vermis | Dandy-Walker |
| What do the following aortic arch derivatives form into: 1. 3rd 2. 4th 3. 6th | 1. carotid arteries 2. left aortic arch, right subclavian 3. proximal pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus |
| Which germ layer makes up: 1. brachial cleft 2. brachial arch 3. brachial pouch | CAP covers outside from inside 1. Clefts = ectoderm 2. Arches = mesoderm 3. Pouches = endoderm |
| Which muscle and nerve correspond to the brancial arch derivatives: 1 2 3 4 6 | 1. muscles of mastication; trigeminal 2. muscles of facial expression; facial nerve 3. stylo-pharyngeus; glosso-pharyngeal nerve 4. pharynx muscles, vagus 6. larynx muscles, vagus |
| Which branchial pouches develop into the parathyroid glands. | 1. 3rd pouch develops into the inferior parathyroid glands 2. 4th pouch develops into the superior parathyroids |
| Which branchial pouches develop into the thymus | 3rd |
| remnant of the thyroglossal duct | foramen cecum |
| 1. failed fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes 2. failed fusion of lateral palatine processes/nasal septum | 1. cleft lip 2. cleft palate |
| What structures comprise the: 1. foregut 2. midgut 3. hindgut | 1. pharynx to proximal duodenum 2. distal duodenum to transverse colon 3. transverse colon to upper rectum |
| Midgut rotates around which artery on its return to the abdominal cavity. | superior mesenteric artery |
| Pancreas divisum | ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fail to fuse; pancreas drains by two ducts |
| Which pancreatic bud contributes the majority of the pancreatic tissue? | dorsal pancreatic bud |
| Which organ arises from mesentery but is supplied by a foregut artery (celiac) | spleen |
| 1. first stage of kidney development that degenerates 2. stage of kidney that contributes to the male genital system 3. permanent stage of kidney development | 1. pronephros 2. mesonephros 3. metanephros |
| Portion of the metanephros that gives rise to structures from the 1. collecting duct to the ureter 2. glomerulus to collecting tubule | 1. ureteric bud 2. metanephric mesenchym |
| Most common site of obstruction leading to hydronephrosis in fetus | ureteropelvic junction - last to canalize |
| Horshoe kidneys get trapped under which artery? | inferior mesenteric artery |
| What causes a bicornuate uterus? | incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts |
| pulls testes down to the scrotum | gubernaculum |
| 1. Failure of urethral folds to close 2. faulty positioning of genital tubercle | 1. hypospadias 2. epispadias |
Created by:
amichael87
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