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Biology 12 Chpt 11
Campbell Biology Cell Communication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adenylyl cyclase | An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a signal. |
| Amplification | The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction. |
| apoptosis | A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die. |
| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. |
| diacylglycerol (DAG) | A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane. |
| epinephrine | secreted as a hormone by the adrenal medulla, mediates “fight-or-flight” responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline. |
| G protein | A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell. |
| glycogen | A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell. |
| growth factor | A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. |
| inositol trisphosphate (IP3) | A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. |
| ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. |
| ligand-gated ion channel | A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to a signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions. |
| local regulator | A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. |
| protein kinase | An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein. |
| protein phosphatase | An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase. |
| receptor tyrosine kinase | A receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. |
| second messenger | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein. |
| signal transduction | The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response. |
| signal transduction pathway | A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. |
| transcription factor | A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. |
| transduction | the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. |
Created by:
marsenault
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