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FSTY 60 - Urban

Urban Forest Science Glossary Definitions for week 12 Test

Question	Answer
Cultivar	A plant of group of plants of a particular species that has favourable characteristics. eg. Thornless Honey Locust
Specific Epithet	Describes the name of species. Refers directly to the latin lower case letter. Eg. Acer saccharum where "saccharum" is the specific epithet.
Hybrid	The offspring derived from the cross-breeding of two different species. Unlike a cultivar, hybrids are intential cross breed mutations--whereas cultivar characteristics occur naturally.
Family	Refers to Scientific Nomeclature. Rember "Keep Pond Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick" for developing scientific names. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, FAMILY, Genus, and Species. official Definition: taxonomic group under the order level above the genus level
Arboriculture	The practice and study of the care of trees and other woody plants in the landscape.
Stratify	The action of breaking seed dormancy to allow the seed to germinate. This is done by simulating nature weather characteristics eg. soaking (in fall rains/spring melt) and chilling (winter).
Cotyledon	This is the pretty little seed leaf which is visible in a seed disection. Official definition: One of the first leaves to form in an Embryo.
Genotype	This refers to the genetic make up of a cell or organism (tree), where as a phenotype refers to the effect the environment in which a cell or organism has developed.
Epigeal Germination	Refers to cotyledons which emerge above the soil with the testa (seed caseing) present. This is the case for conifers whereas our hardwoods display hypogeal germination: leaving the testa in the ground.
Included Bark	Bark that becomes embedded in a crotch (union) between branch and trunk or between codominant stems. It cause a stuctually compromised connection. Neat eh?
*Testa	The hard protective outerlayer of a seed. essentially the shell that protects and contains the working parts of the seed.
*Endosperm	The starchy food source upon which the embryo will feed during germination. Can also work as a cushion to prevent damage to seed during the dissemination process/falling off the top of a big f***in tree.
*Monoecious	A tree repoductive method which produces both sexes of imperfect flowers(male or female, not both)on a single tree.
*Dioecious	A tree repoductive method which produces only one sex of imperfect flowers(male or female, not both)on a single tree. The individual trees are either male of female.
*Polygamous	Trees which produce male and female imperfect flowers as well as perfect flowers.
*Perfect Flowers	Flowers with both male and female parts. Layman's terms: Flowers that contain all the necessary bits for hanky-panky.
*Imperfect Flowers	Flowers which contain EITHER male or female parts-->not both.
*Seed Dormancy	The preventative measure built into seeds from temperate climates (climates with 4 distict seasons) which prevents them from germinating out of season.
*Hardwood cuttings	Refers to cuttings of deciduous trees taken in winter during tree dormancy. Not exclusively for hardwoods but refers, rather, to the timing the cutting was taken specifically after the growing season has ended and the limb has hardened off.
*Softwood cuttings	A cutting taken from an actively growing or emerging shoot of trees and shrubs.
*Root cuttings	taken close to the main stem while stem is dormant.
*Layering	Natural process in which a branch that touches ground may root and become an individual tree of a identical genotype.
*Budding	Similar to grafting, however a branch is not removed and attached to another tree, in this case a bud is cut from the scion and attached to another tree that has been prepared by a similar process. if this does not make sense, look at lecture 3 slide 22.
*Grafting	The process of removing a branch and attaching it to a different root system. allows that the attached branch will grow of its own genotype while subsisting on another's root system.
Scion	The top part of a graft with leaves and buds that is grafter to the root stock.
Desication	Severe drying out. Dehydration. Refers to the danger of botching a graft. Essentially if you don't get the right connection, your graft will succomb to desication and go ka-put.
Callus	Undifferentiaed tissue formed by the cambium, usually as the result of wounding. (this is in contrast to *woundwood: lignified, differentiated tissues produced on woody plants as a reponse to wounding.)
Stomata	singular: Stomates. These are the small pore that determine the amount of gases exchanged and the amount of water evaporated. Located between gaurd cells on the undersides of leaves and other green plant parts.
Ramet	A freshly grafted tree. A scion attached to an existing root sytem.
Xylem	Vascular tissue on the interior of the cambium layer that conduct fluids and nutrients up through the tree. Becomes wood after lignifying.
Phloem	Vascular tissue on the outside of the cambium layer that conducts photosynthates (sugars/carbs produced via photosynthesis)and growth regulators. Transports both up AND down the tree.
parenchyma cells	Thin-walled, living cells essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage, and production of protective compounds.
branch bark ridge	Raised strip of bark at the top of the branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.
epicormic branching	branches arising from latent or adventitious buds. Often a result of stress on the tree.
Compartmentalization of Decay in trees	Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms(CODIT). So a tree will never replace or "heal" wood but it was make a box around a wound to prevent decay.
Flush Cut	pruning cut through and or removing the branch collar, cause unnecessary injury to the trunk or parent stem.
Woundwood	Lignifed, differentiated tissues produced on woody plants as a reponse to wounding. Similar to callus but tissues in callus is undifferentiated and without lignin.
Rays	parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in stransport, storage, structual strength, and defense. Also responsible for wall III of CODIT-a very strong wall. Represented well in Or, Ow, Be lumber samples.
Scaffold Limb	Official def: Permanent or structual branches that form the scaffold architecture or structure of a tree. Better def: the branches that radiate off of the main bole of the tree, essentially the big old branches that are connected to the trunk directly.
Shake	Seperation between growth rings do to a natural twisting of bole on account of large branches swaying with wind and weather. At stump face of a log shake will present itself as cracks following growth rings. not to be confused with check.
Whorl	leaves, twigs or brnaches arranged in a circle around a point on the stem.
Plant Hardiness	The climactic area where a plant will flourish naturally. Based on the average annual minimum temeperature of a region.
Topping	Inappropriate pruning technique to reduce tree size. Cutting back a tree to a predetermined crown limit, often at internodes.
Subordination	Pruning to reduse the size and ensuing groth of a branch in relation to other branches or leaders. also called reduction pruning. take a big'ol branch and cut it off at a smaller branch union--ensuring the smaller branch is 1/3 the size of the biggen.
Reaction Wood	wood fored in leaning or crooked stems or on lower or upper sides of of branches as a means of counteracting the effects of gravity. There are two types: compression wood on the underside; and tension wood on the upperside.
Angiosperm	Trees/plants with seeds borne in an ovary. cosisting of two large groups: monocotyledons (grasses, palms, and related plants) and dicotyledons (woody plants). Applies to deciduous trees. All the trees on Angeline are angiosperms...remember this way.
Gymnosperm	Trees/plants with exposed seeds, usually with cones. Think conifers. "gymn" comes from greek gymnasium where "men exercise naked". Imagine the seeds having not clothes like an apple or peach where the fruit is the clothing.
Dioecious	Male and female flowers on seperate trees. Essentially there are male and female trees.
Monoecious	Male and female flowers on the same tree, but not in the same flower.
Biomechanics	Principles of mechanical design to biological structurtes--how trees stand

Created by: gcockwell

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