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Marks Biology Final
All the information directly from the notes for Mark Delgrosso's Biology Final!
| Terms | Information |
|---|---|
| Testes | Where sperm are created |
| Scrotum | a bag of skin containing the testes, keeping them out of the body |
| Epididymus | area where sperm are sent to mature and await ejaculation |
| Vas Deferens | long tube connecting all parts of the system |
| Seminal Vesicle | creates a thick sugary fluid to provide energy for swimming sperm |
| Prostate Gland | creates a thinner fluid for sperm to actually swim |
| Semen | mixture of seminal and prostate fluids and sperm |
| Urethra | last passageway sperm travel to get outside |
| Penis | sperm-injecting structure |
| Ovaries | create ova |
| oviducts (fallopian tubes) | tubes connect ovaries to the system |
| Oviducts... | release ova directly into the F.T.s; ovum waits here for fertilization; fertilization occurs in F.T. |
| Uterus | large space surrounded by flexible sides |
| vagina | portal through which sperm enter the body |
| Puberty in Males | Starts at the Pituitary gland +Lutenzing Hormone (LH) --> Hormone arrives at TESTES (then LH stimulates the production of) TESTOSTERONE (stimulates) SPERM PRODUCTION and SEX CHARACTERISTICS |
| Puberty in females | Pituitary gland (creates) FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (when FSH arrives at) OVARIES (it stimulates production of) ESTROGEN (which stimulates production of) EGG CELLS and SEX FEATURES |
| Menstruation | production of eggs |
| Ovulation | egg cells burst out of ovary |
| Egg cells | remain in the oviduct waiting to be fertilized |
| Uterus | preparing for possibility of a baby |
| Uterus... | walls become flexible... increased blood supply... creates a nutrient rich fluid |
| if NO FERTILIZATION | egg, along with all uterine material, gets flushed out through vagina... another egg is ovulated, cycle begins again |
| Fertilization 1 sperm leave | millions of sperm leave the male during ejaculation and enter through vagina and work their way up through uterus/FT |
| Fertilization 2 female creates | female creates a highly acidic fluid that kills most sperm on contact (survival of the fittest, sucka'z) |
| Fertilization 3 sperm's nucleus | One sperm's nucleus unites with the egg nucleus (winner) |
| Fertilization 4 Zygote Formation and Implantation | A zygote forms and is transported to the uterus AND it embeds itself in the uterine walls |
| Viviparity | Zygote/embryo/fetus develops entirely within the female and is fully developed when born [most mammals and some reptiles] |
| Oviparity | Zygote/embryo/fetus develops outside body of the female but within a protective egg [all birds, amphibians, fish, some reptiles] |
| Ovoviparity | Zygote/embryo/fetus development takes place within female by ALSO in a protective egg. When egg is laid it contains a fully developed baby in it [sharks, rays, crocodilians] |
| Zygote-->Embryo | Zygote --> Morula --> Blastula --> Gastrula |
| Morula | little ball of cells that contain some volume of zygote (3 days after fertilization) |
| Blastula | Cells are stem cells (undifferentiated 'plain' cells) they have not become anything but CAN become any type of cell |
| Gastrula | forms when an indentation occurs on one side (Gastrulation) and establishes an inside and outside cells |
| Further Mitosis to Gastrula | Further mitosis creates ECTO MESO and ENDO germ layers |
| Ecto | form nerves, brain, and skin |
| Meso | form bone, blood, blood vessels, heart, kidney, reproductive system |
| Endo | forms digestive system and respiratory system |
| Embryo forms when | embryo is created when rudimentary organ systems form |
| In viviparous creatures, AMNION | is the membrane that forms around embryo. It fills with fluid |
| Placenta | grows out of uterine walls and umbilical cord connects it to embryo |
| Placenta also | directs nutrients and Oxygen from females body into embryo and pumps waste products out of embryo |
| Trait | a characteristic of any organism |
| Genetic Trait | a trait determined by genes and that is passable to offspring |
| Gene | a 'recipe' for a protein/enzyme [it's a sequence of N-bases that code for a certain protein or enzyme] |
| Heredity | the passing of traits from generation to generation |
| Genetics | the study of heredity and how genes get passed |
| Allele | any number of forms that a gene can take |
| Chromosome | 'packets' of double stranded DNA (in which is found all the genes) |
| Mendel chose peas because... | short generations, easily observed traits, and he could control the mating |
| Theory of Factors | 'something' is passed from parents to offspring that controls the appearance of traits |
| Theory of Paired Factors | for each trait, an individual possesses a pair of factors (alleles) one from each parent |
| Theory of Dominance/Recessive | some alleles are dominant and some alleles are recessive. |
| Homozygous | both alleles are the same (D/D or r/r) |
| Heterozygous | one allele of a pair is dominant and the other is recessive |
| Theory of Segregation | alleles for each trait come in pairs, which are then split up (segregated) during meiosis. One allele goes into 2 sperms/eggs the other goes into another 2 sperms/eggs. Allele pairs are reestablished at fertilization when gametes unite |
| Law of Independent Assortment | says that traits are passed on/inherited independently of each other. This is because during meiosis (gamete formation) there is a random mixing up of homologues into the daughter cells, this explains diversity in offspring of same parent |
| Polygene/polygenic traits | many traits require multiple proteins/enzymes, multiple proteins require multiple genes |
| Incomplete Dominance | is when 2 or more different alleles show up at the same time in a phenotype, causing a BLEND, i.e. black bunny + white bunny = grey bunny |
| Codominance | is when 2 alleles both show up in the same phenotype fully, not mixed, and independently of one another. black-and-white spotted bunny |
| Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes | XX is female; XY is male |
| Autosome | non sex chromosomes |
| Sex Linked Trait | Some of the genes on Sex Chromosomes have nothing to do with gender; they include color vision and blood clotting protein. Mutations of these will affect more males than females |
| Mutation | a 'screw-up' in a gene, a chromosome, or in the number of c-somes |
| Genetic Mutations | occur during the gene/r-some copying process (replication) |
| Point Mutation | mismatching of bases |
| Frame Shift Mutations | addition or deletion of nucleotides that shift codon sequences |
| Genetic Mutations result in: | mistaken amino acids being put on final protein, which could alter the shape |
| Mutations show up... | when all cells possess the mutations... The zygote has to possess the mutation for it to show up in the phenotype |
| Chromosomal Mutations | Nondisjunction, Insertion, Inversion, Deletion, and Translocation |
| Nondisjunction | screw up in c-some number |
| Insertion | c-somes can get into such close contact that they 'rob' n-tides and pull off a bunch from a neighbor |
| Inversion | During copying of a c-some, large sections get copied upside down in relation to the original order |
| Deletion | during copying, large sections of a c-some don't get copied at all |
| Translocation | Sections of 1 c-some get copied onto an entirely different one |
| Autosomal Disorders | Down's Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sickle-Cell Anemia |
| Down's Syndrome | Trisomy 21: NONDISJUNCTION DISORDER |
| Cystic Fibrosis | GENETIC MUTATION affecting the gene for mucus production |
| Sickle-Cell Anemia | GENETIC MUTATION that screws up the formation of red-blood cells |
| Sex/Sex-Linked Mutations/Disorders | involves mutations of either genes on the SCs of the number of SCs |
| Genetic Sex Linked Mutations | Color-blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy. Almost all sufferers are male |
| Nondisjunction Disorders | Kline-Felters Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, XXX Super Female |
| Kline Felters | Develops an extra X ---> XXY which produces more feminine features |
| Turner Syndrome | a female missing an X --> (X) doesn't fully develop and androgynous |
| Super Female | (XXX): Amazonian Features |
| Detecting Mutations | Amniocentesis: removal of amniotic fluid during embryonic development (Karyotype is made). Genetic mutations are difficult/impossible to detect early |
| Clone | an individual with 100% the same genotypes as another individual, i.e. identical twins |
| Evolution | Change over time |
| Organic Evolution | change in organisms over HUGE amounts of time; change of one species into another |
| Species | a group of organisms so closely related that they can reproduce with each other. The resultant offspring are able to reproduce as well |
| Fossils | remains of long extinct organisms |
| Vestigial Structures | features/organs/parts of living organisms that are reduced/useless (vestiges) but that actually served a function in extinct, ancestral organisms (Hips on whales, appendix in humans) |
| Homologous Structure | parts/organs/structures that serve more or less the same purpose (sometimes different) and are composed/arranged/derived similarly on different organisms (suggesting a common ancestor) |
| Amologous Structure | on different organisms are parts that have same function but are entirely different in their composition (bird wing/insect wing) |
| Lamarck's Theory | Organisms change due to use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics |
| Outline of Darwinian/Wallace Theory | Overproduction, competition, variations, adaptations, survival of the fittest, and natural selection |
| Overproduction | each organism (can) produce more offspring than can possibly survive (leads to competition) |
| Competition | because there are so many offspring, they will have to compete for food, habitat, mates, etc. The losers die out, the winners get all the goods |
| Variations | not all members of the same species are exactly alike, i.e. there are slight differences |
| Causes for variations | sexual reproduction (independent assortment), mutations, crossing over (during meiosis, when h-logs come together, sometimes large sequences 'cross over' and 'trade' parts) and Random Fertilization (any old sperm fertilizes any old egg) |
| Adaptations | allow an organism to win in the 'struggle for existence'. Darwin theorized that these traits gets passed down. Appearance of them is random: pure chance |
| Survival of the Fittest | those that 'fit' the best have the greater chance, this they reproduce more and their 'fit'ness is passed on (theoretical, not totally true) |
| Natural Selection | Nature decides what the best fit is. But MUTATIONS (in the end) create adaptations |
| Sexual Selection | when certain genders 'select' mates based on variations they may possess. These are then passed on to the offspring, thus the sexes take place of 'nature/environment' in 'selecting' what variations are 'good' and worth mating with |
| Allopatric Speciation | Geographical Isolation created by a physical boundary (mountain) thus providing different conditions, thus going their 'separate' ways, thus forming their own species |
| Sympatric Speciation | Reproductive Isolation, i.e. there's no physical separation, but certain members of the group isolate themselves based on mutually appealing variations |
| Adaptive Radiation | Combo of allopatric/sympatric speciation. A single species goes into multiple species within the same locale. Certain variations allow a sub-group to separate from the rest. These allow group to exploit resources the rest can't. Relieves competition. |
| Rates of Evolution | Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium |
| Gradualism | a steady change over a long period of time (on a graph it slopes upward) |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | BIG Change very quickly, then no changes for a while, then BIG change again, then... etc. (looks like stairs on a graph) |
Created by:
linzahamma
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