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Intro Psych
Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| validity | how well the study addresses the question and if the information used to evaluate the theory is clear |
| reliability | stability and consistency of the results over time and in similar conditions |
| gestalt theory | the whole personal is experience is more than the sum of its parts |
| dualism | descartes; the mind and body are separate but intertwined |
| phenomenology | the totality of subjective conscious experience, relying on ordinary people's observations |
| priming | exposure to a stimulus that then influences a response to a later stimulus |
| Hawthorne efect | people alter their behavior because they know they are being observed |
| longitudinal study | the same person is observed at different stages in life |
| cross-sectional study | compares different groups to make inferences about both |
| weaknesses of case studies | observer bias and experimenter expectancy effect |
| response performance measure | quantify perceptual or cognitive processes in response to a specific stimulus; reaction time, response accuracy, stimulus judgments |
| random error | value of error differs each time; tends to average out in results |
| systematic error | constant amount of error |
| reflexivity | the brain is programmed to survive and reproduce, yet it is very self-deceptive and isn't programmed to think about itself |
| social analysis | how group contexts affect ways of interacting and influencing each other |
| biological analysis | how the physical body contributes to the mind and behavior |
| individual analysis | individual differences in personality and how those differences affect perception of the world |
| cultural analysis | how culture shapes thoughts, feelings, and actions |
| descartes | naturalism, dualism |
| naturalism | everything is science-based |
| wundt | first person to declare psychology a science; first psych lab; structuralism; introspection |
| introspection | people inspect and report on their own thoughts |
| structuralism | conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying elements |
| titchener | pioneered structuralism |
| james | first american psychologist; stream of consciousness; functionalism |
| stream of consciousness | the ever-changing, continuous series of thoughts |
| functionalism | evolutionary based; the mind works as it does because it's useful for survival and passing on genes |
| good scientific theory | explain, predict, organize, link observations, and make precise statements about associations; produces variety of testable hypotheses; subject to falsification and replication; parsimonius- doesn't make a lot of assumptions |
| operational definition | how you define your variables |
| independent variable | manipulated |
| dependent variable | what yoiu measure; dependent on IV |
| random assignment | each subject has an equal chance of being placed in each experimental group; more accurate results |
| confounds | things that affect the DV but aren't the IV; extraneous variables that could affect results |
| correlational study | examines how variables are related; makes association statements, not causal statements |
| directionality problems | know two variables are related but don't know which variable causes which |
| third variable problem | unidentified variable could actually be the cause of the correlation |
| illusory correlation | isn't really there; think there's a correlation, but it isn't real |
| naturalistic observation | people don't know they're being observed |
| participant observation | observer is known |
| better-than-average-effect | people's innacurate self perceptions |
| behaviorial geneticists | how genes and the environment interact |
| twin studies | compare similarities between different types of twins to determine the genetic basis of specific traits |
| adoption studies | compare similarities between biological relatives and adoptive ones |
| hereditability | the statistical estimate of the variation in a trait within a population; the extent that people differ in terms of genetic makeup within a group |
| sensory neurons | detect information from the physical world to pass to the brain |
| motor neurons | direct muscles and movement |
| interneurons | communicate within local circuits |
| acetylcholine (ACh) | motor control and junctions between nerves and muscles; botulism; learning, memory, sleeping, dreaming |
| GABA | primary inhibitory transmitter |
| glutamate | primary excitatory transmitter; opens sodium gates |
| substance p | pain perception, mood states, anxiety; transmits pain to brain |
| basal ganglia | planning and producing movement |
| nucleus accumbens | experiencing reward |
| automatic nervious system | regulates internal environment by stimulating gland and maintaining organs |
| sympathetic division of ANS | prepares the body for action, using hormones |
| parasympathetis division of ANS | returns the body to the resting state |
| fusiform face area | at intersection of temporal and occipital cortices; recognition of faces |
| endorphins | natural pain reduction and reward; studying how opiate drugs bind to receptors led to discovery of naturally occurring substances that bind to receptors |
| critical periods | times in which certain experiences must occur for development to proceed normally |
| verbal overshadowing | performance impairment that occurs when people try to explain their perceptual experiences that aren't easy to describe |
| glial cells | take care of neurons; make up myelin sheath |
| myelin sheath | grows along the axon and speeds up conduction |
| dendrites | branches of neurons; increase receptive field and detect chemical signals |
| cell body | where information is collected and processed in a neuron |
| axon | long, narrow outgrowth by which electrical impulses are transmitted to other neurons |
| nodes of Ranvier | gaps between the myelin in axons; ion channels |
| action potential | a brief change in electrical voltage occurs between the inside and outside of an axon, causing the release of chemicals signalling other neurons |
| resting potential | inside is more negative; polarized; more potassium |
| excitatory signals (depolarizing) | encourage firing; if they exceed the neuron's threshold, action potential occurs |
| inhibitory signals (polarizing) | discourages firing |
| all-or-none principle | a neuron fires with hte same potency each time and either fires or doesn't |
| synaptic vesicles | contain neurotransmitters in terminal buttons; during action potential, they fuse with the membrane and release the neurotransmitters |
| reuptake | neurotransmitters are taken back into the presynaptic terminal buttons |
| enzyme deactivation | an enzyme destroys the transmitter substance in the synapse |
| autoreceptors | monitor how much has been relased and stops the release |
| serotonin | emotional states and impulses, dreaming, hunger, sleepiness, mood |
| dopamine | reward, motivation, motor control over voluntary movements |
| epinephrine | energy, adrenaline, fight or flight, arousal |
| norepinephrine | arousal, alertness |
| 2 components of consciousness | content and level |
| left brain interpreter | left brain's attempt to make sense of events |
| evloved threat-rehearsal theory | dreams are a way for us to practice coping strategies for threatening situations |
| circadian rhythm theory | sleep has evloved to keep animals quiet and inactive during times of greatest danger |
| blindsight | blind people have visual capacity but aren't conscious of it |
| activation synthesis theory | hypothesizes tha tneural activity leaks from the pons into the occipital lobe and activates mechanisms that interpret visual input; mind tries to make sense of activity in visual and motor neurons |
| stage one of sleep | small, irregular; theta waves |
| stage two | sleep spindles, k-complexes |
| stage three | delta waves; slower, deeper, higher amplitude |
| stage four | mostly delta |
| REM | rapid, somewhat irregular; paradoxical sleep; fantastical dreams |
| case study | intensive examination of one person or a few or one or a few organizations |
| phrenology | brain operates through functional localization; bumps on skull |
| brainstem | survival functions |
| medulla | heart rate and breathing |
| pons | sleeping and dreaming |
| cerebellum | little brain, motor coordination |
| reticular formation | neural networks that extend up into the brain; alertness, terminating sleep |
| hypothalamus | master regulatory structure; body temperature, rhythms, blood pressure, glucose levels, basic drives; four f's: fleeing, fighting, feeding, fornicating; controls pituitary gland |
| thalamus | gateway for incoming sensory information; shuts off incoming senses while sleeping |
| hippocampus | formation of memories |
| amygdala | emotion, associative learning, fear |
| cerebral cortex | outer layer of brain; thoughts, perceptions, consciousness, culture, communication |
| occipital lobe | primary visual cortex |
| parietal lobe | touch; primary somatosensory cortex |
| temporal lobe | primary auditory cortez; hearing, specialized visual areas, recognizing faces |
| frontal lobe | planning and movement; premotor and primary motor cortices; prefrontal cortex- attention, plans, social behavior |
| corpus callosum | think bridge of neurons connecting two hemispheres of brain |
Created by:
arpatrick
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