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Bio110 Chapter 3
Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells are the smallest ________ subunits of a multicellular organism | Living |
| The Cell/Plasma membrane is _____________ permeable | Selectively |
| Cell membranes are made of | Phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins |
| Phospholipid bilayer is a _________ layer | Double |
| Phospholipid bilayer allows lipid soluable compounds to move in and out of the cell by | Diffusion |
| These form pores and transporters in the cell membrane | Proteins |
| This provides stability for the cell membrane | Cholesterol |
| Proteins form __________ in combination with oligosaccharides | Antigens |
| Proteins require _________ sites for hormones | receptor |
| Ribosomes are the site of _________ synthesis | Protein |
| Proteosomes are the site of ___________ of damaged proteins | destruction |
| ATP is produced in the cells | Mitochondria |
| This synthesizes carbohydrates and secrete materials from the cell | Golgi Apparatus |
| The passageway for transport fo materials with in the cell is called the | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum can be classified as | Smooth or Rough |
| This digests worn-out cell parts or ingested bacteria | Lysosomes |
| This organizes the spindle fibers during cell division | Centrioles |
| These sweep materials across the cells surface | Cilia |
| This provides motility for sperm cells | Flagellum |
| This increases surface area for absorption by the cell | Microvilli |
| Ribosomes are made of protein and ribosomal ____ | RNA |
| Mitochondria has a double-membrane structure. In the inner membrane the folds are called | Cristae |
| This is a series of flat membranous sacs | Golgi Apparatus |
| This is a barrel-shaped enzymatic structure | Proteasome |
| This has two rod-shaped structures perpendicular to one another | Centrioles |
| These are short thread-like projections through the cell membrane | Cilia |
| All cells contain a nucleus except | Mature Red blood cells |
| This is a bundle of DNA, RNA & protein/enzymes | Nucleolus |
| The nucleolus contains 46 | Chromosomes |
| Chromosomes are made of threads called | Chromatin |
| The genetic code for 1 protein is called a | Gene |
| The liquid solution of dissolved minerals, gases, and other molecules is called | Cytoplasm |
| The cytoplasm contains | Organelles |
| These are made of proteins and ribosomal RNA | Ribosomes |
| These organelles break the peptide bonds of proteins | Proteasomes |
| _________ endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface | Rough |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins in the | Ribosomes |
| _________ endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes | Smooth |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes | Lipids |
| The _______ __________ are flat membranous sacs stacked like pancakes | Golgi Apparatus |
| Carbohydrates are synthesized and packaged in the _______ __________ | Golgi Apparatus |
| When materials are released out of the cell it is called | Exocytosis |
| These are the powerhouse of the cell | Mitochondria |
| Mitochondria produce ____ | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
| Lysosomes are responsible for the digestion of bacteria during ______________ of WBC's | Phagocytosis |
| These cause inflammation that can damage healthy tissue if not controlled | Lysosomes |
| Centrioles organize spindle fibers that separate chromaosomes during | Cell Division |
| These are hair-like projections on certain cells | Cilia |
| Flagella provide __________ for the cell | Motility (moves the cell) |
| The only human cell with a flagellum is | The sperm cell |
| Folds of the cell membrane that increase surface area are | Microvilli |
| Microvilli increase free surface area of a cell to increase | Absorption |
| These are pinched off plasma membranes from phagocytosis | Vacuoles |
| The framework or support of the cell is called the | Cytoskeleton |
| When a cell takes in material it is called | Endocytosis |
| When a moving cell engulfs something it is called | Phagocytosis |
| When a stationary cell engulfs something it is called | Pinocytosis |
| Phagocytosis creates _________ within the cell | Vacuoles |
| The mechanisms to move substances in and out of the cell are called | Cellular Transport Mechanisms |
| Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called | Diffusion |
| The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called | Osmosis |
| Water moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration until _______________ is reached | Equilibrium |
| A solution is said to be _________ when it has the same concentration of solutes as our cells | Isotonic |
| A solution is said to be __________ when it has a lower concentration of solutes as our cells | Hypotonic |
| A solution is said to be __________ when it has a higher concentration of solutes as our cells | Hypertonic |
| The diffusion of molecules through a membrane with help from proteins in the cell membrane | Facilitated Diffusion |
| Facilitated Diffusion uses proteins called | Transporters or carrier enzymes |
| Glucose and amino acids are used in facilitated diffusion as | Transporters or carrier enzymes |
| Active transport moves molecules __________ the concentration gradient | Against |
| The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient with the use of ATP is | Active transport |
| Active transport requires _________ to move molecules against the concentration gradient | Energy (ATP) |
| Substances forced through a membrane by mechanical pressure is called | Filtration |
| Blood pressure is used to filter substances out of the capillaries and into the interstitial spaces during | Filtration |
| In ____________ kidney cells engulf proteins to reabsorb them | Pinocytosis |
| The process of Moving cells engulfing bacteria or damaged particles | Phagocytosis |
| This is a twisted double strand of nucleotides | DNA |
| The sequence of A, T, G, C in DNA determines the | Genetic code |
| The entire code in a strand of DNA is called | The genome |
| The genetic code for one protein is called a | Gene |
| Each amino acid comes from a triplet of 3 bases called a | Codon |
| Protein synthesis occurs in the | Ribosomes |
| The process of turning DNA into mRNA is called | Transcription |
| DNA is made in the _________ of the cell | Nucleus |
| DNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a | Ribosome |
| A protein being made from mRNA via tRNA is called | Translation |
| Translation occurs in the ____________ of the cell | Cytoplasm |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) attaches to the mRNA at a site called the | Anticodon |
| The anticodon is complimentary to the | Codon |
| tRNA picks up a corresponding amino acid and forms ____________ bonds to make a protein | Peptide |
| There are two types of cell division, they are | Mitosis & meiosis |
| One cell divides into two identical cells both having a full set of chromosomes in | Mitosis |
| A full set of chromosomes in the cell is called | Diploid |
| Mitosis is how we ______ & _______ | Grow and repair |
| One cell divides into four cells each having half the full number of chromosomes in | Meiosis |
| Having half of the chromosomes is called a _______ cell | Haploid |
| Gametes are made through ________ | meiosis |
| The phases of Mitosis are | IPMAT Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase |
| _________ is not an actual phase but rather the cell resting (not dividing) | Interphase |
| DNA replication takes place during during __________ of mitosis | Interphase |
| Chromosomes (2 chromatids- the original DNA plus its copy) coil up during this phase | Prophase |
| The nuclear membrane disappears during this phase | Prophase |
| During this phase the centrioles move to opposite ends and extend spindle fibers to the chromosomes | Prophase |
| During this phase the chromosomes line up in the middle | Metaphase |
| Centromeres attach to spindle fibers and divide so there are 2 complete sets of chromosomes during this phase | Metaphase |
| During prophase the _________ membrane disappears | nuclear |
| During this phase of mitosis the spindle fibers pull chromosomes to each pole | anaphase |
| During this phase of cell division chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin | telophase |
| During telophase the ________ membrane reforms | nuclear |
| During ______________- cytoplasm divides and the cell membrane closes off | cytokinesis |
| Meiosis results in the production of | gametes |
| One diploid cell divides twice to form __ haploid cells | 4 |
| A cell with 23 chromosomes is called a | haploid cell |
| A cell with 46 chromosomes is called a | diploid cell |
| Haploid cells have _____ of the DNA of a normal diploid cell | half |
| The generation of an egg in the ovary is called | oogenesis |
| Meiosis occurs in the ________ of a woman | ovaries |
| The generation of a sperm cell is called | spermatogenesis |
| spermatogenesis occurs in the | testes |
| Oogenesis occurs in the | ovaries |
| The process of ____ __________ enables each chromosome to make a copy of itself | DNA Transcription |
| The time between mitotic divisions is called | interphase |
| Self-destruction or programmed cell death is called | apoptosis |
| Apoptosis is the necessary function of programmed cell death or | Self-destruction |
| The control center of the cell is the | Nucleus |
| Intracellular structures with specific functions are called | organelles |
| ____________ of an egg by a sperm restores the diploid number of chromosomes | Fertilization |
| What is the amount of energy and heat produced per unit of time called | Metabolic rate |
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