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anatomy exam two
bloodflow, heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the chambers of the heart | right & left ventricles; rt & lt atria |
| which chamber has very thin myocardium? | atria |
| what divides the atria? | interatrial septum |
| Where is fossa ovalis found? | right atrium |
| Structures which slightly increase blood volume of atria | auricles |
| pumps blood to lungs and body | ventricles |
| blood flow pathway | deoxygenated blood enters via veins to RT ATRIUM; rt A to RT VENTRICLE; rt V via arteries to LUNGS; gets oxygenated; from Lungs use veins to LT ATRIUM; lt A to LT VENTRICLE to body |
| pacemaker cells do what? | generate action potential over & over in rhythmical pattern; |
| The _______ side of your heart moves blood through about ______ miles of blood vessels. | left; 60,000 |
| The heart beats about ___________ times per day | 100,000 |
| What is a P wave? | small upward deflection in electrocardiogram |
| What is a purkinje fiber? | specialized myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion |
| everything associated with one heartbeat is considered | the cardiac cycle |
| when atria are in systole ____________ are _______________. | ventricles are in diastole |
| contraction phase | systole |
| What is diastole? | relaxation phase |
| What is an irregular heart rhythm called? | arrhythmia |
| types of arrhythmia | atrial flutter, atrial fibrilation, ventricular fibrilation |
| which type of arrythmia is dangerous? why? | Ventricular fibrilation. No oxygen is being moved. If ventricular ejection ceases, circulatory failure and death occur |
| what are the phases of the cardiac cycle | atria contract while ventricles relax; ventricles contract while atria relax. systole=contract; diastole=relax |
| What is cardiac output? | the amount of blood left ventricle can pump into aorta |
| What determines the cardiac output? | stroke volume and heart rate CO= SV x HR |
| when stroke volume increases, cardiac output ________________ | increases |
| Stroke volume regulation is influenced by 3 variables - | Frank starling law of the heart; forcefullness of fibers; and pressure |
| The stretching of the heart chamber - the more you stretch the heart, the more forcefully it will contract. rubber band effect. | The Frank Starling law of the heart; influencing SV |
| Heart Rate is regulated by _______ | Autonomic Nervous System |
| regulation of the heart originates in | the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata |
| There are two nerves associated with heart rate - | vagus and cardiac accelerator nerves. |
| What does SA node stand for? | sinoatrial node ; associated with heart rate |
| hemoglobin carries _________ | oxygen |
| It is not uncommon for athletes to have this. Why does this happen? | bradycardia - resting heartbeat under 60 beats per minute; because of increase of capillary networks |
| The most active skeletal muscle in the body | tongue |
| the left side of your heart is responsible for | systemic circulation |
| Right side of heart is for | pulmonary circulation-> going to and from lungs |
| the muscle wall of the heart is called | myocardium |
| the right ventricle pumps to | the lungs |
| The circulation of the heart in general is called | coronary circulation |
| deoxygenated blood enters the heart via ___________ or _______ | the superior vena cava or the inferior vena cava |
| The nervous system of the heart aka | the conduction system of the heart - getting from point a to point b |
| The 2 functions of the pacemaker cells | to generate action potentials; to take action potential & send it (conduct it) out to rest of heart (conduct is out to muscle fibers) |
| first action potential in conduction occurs | in the sinoatrial node or SA Node |
| once first action potential fires in the SA Node | both atria contract at the same time |
| action potential will then be handed off from SA Node to the | Atrioventricular Node or AV Node |
| The event that occurs in the atrioventricular node is | the slowing down of the action potential so the atria can finish contraction and empty their blood into the ventricles |
| the AV Node hands action potential off to the | Atrioventricular Bundle or AV Bundle |
| old name for AV bundle | Bundle of His |
| The is the site where the action potential is being handed | from atria to ventricles |
| from the AV bundle, | the bundle splits and goes into a rt bundle branch that heads to rt ventricle and a left bundle branch that heads to lt ventricle - called rt and lt bundle branches |
| Bundle branches descend to | apex of the heart |
| once action potential gets to the apex (bottom) of the heart | The bundle branches break into tiny small fibers called purkinje fibers |
| the purkinje fibers take action potential | from bottom of ventricles and spread it up over the ventricles encasing all of that myocardium. |
| as soon as action potential hits the purkinje fibers | the ventricles contract |
| The contraction of the ventricles | pushes blood into the major vessels |
| The major events of the conduction system are | the contraction of the atria and the contraction of the ventricles |
| The contraction of the atria occurs | after the SA Node fires |
| the contraction of the ventricles occur | when action potential reaches the purkinje fibers |
| How do the sinoatrial node and brain work together | Brain is hooked to SA Node to slow down heart when sleeping |
| The pacemaker of the heart | SA Node |
| what happens is SA node fails | The av node takes over, but is slower |
| What happens is AV node fails | The av bundle takes over, but too slow and brain damage begins to occur |
| Name the electrocardiogram waves | p wave, QRS complex, t wave |
| which wave represents atrial depolarization | p wave |
| as p wave is depolarized, what happens? | the atria contract |
| Why can't we see Atrial repolarization on an EKG? | The atria are relaxing (repolarizing) at the same time the ventricles are depolarizing (or contracting) thus the ventricular activity masks the atrial repolarization on the EKG |
| what can cause arrhythmia to occur? | nicotine (stim), alcohol (dep), anxiety (triggers sympathetic nervous system and increate HR) |
| Fibra refers to | muscle fibers |
| individual muscle fibers contracting at different times | fibrillation |
| Cardiovascular center is in | medulla oblongata in mesoncephalon |
| two major nerves come out of Cardiovasular center | cardiac accelerator in sympathetic nervous system-2 motor neuron efferent pathway where postganglionic neuron uses norepinephrine to speed up HR.AND VAGUS nerve, also a 2 motor neuron efferent pathway but post ganglionic neuron uses ach to slow |
| Calcium does what to HR | increases, therefore increases cardiac output |
| potassium does what to MAP? | decreases it- decreased HR= decreased SV=Decreased CO= decreased MAP |
| veins of abdominal organs, places where blood can be diverted quicly to other parts of the body are called | blood reservoirs |
| blood vessels | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules |
| arterioles have three layers | endothelium, smooth muscle (controlled by autonomic nervous system), connective tissue. all three layers surround a hollow space called a lumen |
| hollow space in a blood vessel | lumen |
| vasoconstriction does what to blood pressure? | increases it |
| increase in lumen diameter | vasodilation - and it decreases blood pressure |
| what is the site for nutrient and waste exchange? | capillaries |
| the less active the tissue the less ________ you have | capillaries |
| capillaries connect arterioles to | venules |
| arterioles bring oxygen nutrient rich blood into the __________. | Tissue |
| The tissue will remove the oxygen and nutrients and will replace it with ___________ and _____________ | waste and CO2 turning blood from red to blue |
| blue deoxygenated blood will leave the capillary bed and enter into the __________ | venule and travel back to the heart to be oxygenated |
| two methods of capillary exchange | diffusion (high concentration to low concentration) and bulk flow (hi pressure to low pressure) |
| veins and venules have ___________. main difference between vein/veinules and arteries | valves |
| when a vein loses elasticity it creates _____ | varicose veins |
| what is the biggest antagonist of circulatory system below the heart? | gravity |
| what is Hg? what is it for? | mercury how we measure pressure |
| What is the pressure in the Right Ventricle | lowest in entire body at 0mmHg |
| What is the pressure in the left ventricle? | highest in entire body at 80-100mmHg |
| Blood pressure is measured in ____ of ___ | mm of Mercury |
| blood pressure is highest in _______ | the aorta |
| MAP stands for what? | mean arterial pressure (specific name for blood pressure) |
| MAP is the outcome of 2 products _____ | CO x total peripheral resistance (TPR) MAP=CO x TPR |
| What is TPR? | a measure of vascular resistance; the cells in your blood rub up against your blood vessel walls and create friction-> that is vascular resistance |
| What can affect TPR? | size of the lumen (smaller the lumen= greater the resistance=increased TPR), blood viscosity (how many red blood cells you have. Increase in blood cells=^in friction=^in TPR=^in MAP; total blood vessel length |
| if you change your blood volume, it changes your blood pressure because of | Frank Starling law of the heart |
| An increase in blood volume is going to increase ____________ | stroke volume (because if you have more blood you can force more blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. if you increase SV you increase cardiac output = ^ in map |
| if cardiac output doubles and total peripheral resistance goes down by 50%, what is the net change in MAP? | 0-no change If cardiac output doubled and there was no homeostatic system to respond and lower TPR then you would die |
| if you have increase movement, you'll need increased _________ _________ | blood flow |
| All gases will move from ___________ to _______________. | where their partial pressure is high to where their partial pressure is low |
| Air is a mixture of gases, each gas has its own __________ ___________ to add up to the total atmospheric pressure | partial pressure |
| ______________ keeps the partial pressure of oxygen low | hemoglobin |
| What is hemoglobin? | the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates ( |
| Gas will only move if _______________. | its partial pressure is low |
| Internal respiration takes place in | the capillaries and tissues |
| External respiration takes place in | the lungs |
| one hemoglobin molecule can hold ______ molecules of Oxygen | 4 |
| What uses ___________ and produces _____________. | oxygen from the blood; CO2 |
| The concentration of __________ is greater in the mitochondria so it ___________________ | CO2; moves to a lower concentration into the blood |
| What regulates acidity in the body? | Bicarbonate |
| Bicarbonate ion are a means of ___ transport. | CO2 |
| what is the difference in PO2 in the lungs vs. the blood? the tissues? | In the lungs and blood it is the same,; in the tissues, it is lower. |
| Which hormone affects heart rate as well as stroke volume? | norepinephrine. |
| Which hormones decrease blood pressure? | atrial naturetic peptide |
| Which hormones increase blood pressure? | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (pathway), epi & norepi, antidiuretic hormone |
| In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway, what does the liver secrete? | angiotensin I is secreted onto the lungs |
| When muscle fibers of the atrium quiver individually instead of together canceling out the pumping of the atrium | atrial fibrillation |
| Which is the most dangerous arrhythmia? | ventricular fibrillation - no O2 is being moved |
| How does sodium affect Mean Arterial Pressure? | sodium increase water intake=^BV=^SV = ^CO= ^MAP |
| Angiotensin II does what? | increases vasoconstriction decreased lumen = ^resistance= ^TPR=^MAP |
| Angiotensin I comes from where? | the blood |
| the kidneys use ___________ to monitor your blood pressure. Their job is to _____. | baroreceptors; filter your blood |
Created by:
microwoman
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