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Midterm Theories

5010 Midterm - Theories

Question	Answer
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Human being are basically determined by psychic energy and be early experiences
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Unconscious motives and conflicts are central in present behavior
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Irrational forces are strong; the person is driven by sexual and aggressive impulses
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repressed childhood conflicts
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Normal personality development is based on successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Faulty personality development is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Anxiety is a result of repression of basic conflicts
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Goal is to make the unconscious conscious
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Goal is to reconstruct the basic personality
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Goal is to assist clients in reliving earlier experiences and working through repressed conflicts
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Goal is to achieve intellectual and emotional awareness
Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst	Relationship remains anonymous and clients develop projections towards him/her
Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst	Relationship focus is on reducing the resistances that develop in working with transference and on establishing rational control
Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst	Clients undergo long-term analysis, engage in free association to uncover conflicts, and gain insight by talking
Psychoanalytic Therapy, Classical Analyst	Analyst makes interpretations to teach clients the meaning of current behavior as it relates to the past
Psychoanalytic Therapy, Contemporary Relational Psychoanalytic Therapy	Relationship is central and emphasis is given to here-and-now dimensions of relationship
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Interpretation, dream analysis, free association, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference and understanding countertransference
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Designed to help clients gain access to their unconscious conflicts, which leads to insight and eventual assimilation of new material by the ego
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Candidates include professionals who want to become therapists, people who have had intensive therapy and want to go further, and those who are in psychological pain
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Not recommended for self-centered and impulsive individuals or for people with psychotic disorders
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Can be applied to individual and group therapy
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Focus on family dynamics is appropriate for working with many cultural groups
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Therapist's formality appeals to clients who expect professional distance
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Notion of ego defense is helpful in understanding inner dynamics and dealing with environmental stresses
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Focus on insight, intrapyschic dynamics, and long-term treatment is often not valued by clients who prefer to learn coping skills for dealing with pressing daily concerns
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Internal focus is often in conflict with cultural values that stress an interpersonal and environmental focus
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Generated controversy and exploration; stimulated further thinking and development of therapy
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Provided a detailed and comprehensive description of personality structure and functioning
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Brought into prominence factors such as the unconscious as a determinant of behavior and the role of trauma during the first 6 years of life
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Developed several techniques for tapping the unconscious and shed light on the dynamics of transference, countertransference, resistance, anxiety, and the mechanisms of ego defense.
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Requires lengthy training for therapists and time/expense for clients
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Model stresses biological and instinctual factors to the neglect of social, cultural, and interpersonal ones
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Methods are less applicable for solving specific daily life problems and may not be appropriate for some ethnic/cultural group
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Many clients lack the degree of ego strength needed for regressive and reconstructive therapy
Psychoanalytic Therapy	May be inappropriate for certain counseling settings
Psychoanalytic Therapy	The goal of much of life is to gain pleasure and avoid pain
Psychoanalytic Therapy	“life instincts” serve the purpose of survival and include all pleasurable acts
Psychoanalytic Therapy	Unconscious is inferred from behavior and stores experiences, memories, and repressed material
Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious	Dreams representation needs, wishes and conflicts
Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious	Slips of the tongue and forgetting
Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious	Posthypnotic suggestions
Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious	Material derived from free-association techniques
Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious	Material derived from projective techniques
Psychoanalytic Method for revealing unconscious	Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms
Classical psychoanalysis	free association and laying on a couch
Contemporary psychoanalysis	Therapist does not strive for detached and objective stance
Contemporary psychoanalysis	Highlights the importance of therapeutic relationship in bringing about change
Classic Psychoanalysis	Blank screen approach, analysts take an anonymous stance
Classic Psychoanalysis	they engage is very little self-disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality to foster a transference relationship so clients will make projections onto them
Psychoanalytic Therapy	central function of analyst is to teach clients the meaning of these processes (through interpretation) so that they are able to achieve insight into their problems, increase their awareness of ways to change and thus gain more control over their lives
Relational Psychoanalytic Therapy	regards transference as being an interactive process between the client the therapist
Psychodynamic Therapy	Geared more to limited objectives than to restructuring one’s personality
Psychodynamic Therapy	Less likely to use a couch
Psychodynamic Therapy	Fewer sessions each week
Psychodynamic Therapy	Frequent use of supportive interventions(reassurance, expressions of empathy, etc) and more self-disclosure by therapist
Psychodynamic Therapy	Focus is on pressing practical concerns
Classical psychoanalysis	grounded on id psychology
Classical psychoanalysis	instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development
Contemporary psychoanalysis	based on ego psychology
Contemporary psychoanalysis	does not deny the role of intrapsychic conflict but emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout the life span
Jung’s Analytical Psychology	Elaborate explanation of human nature the combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion
Jung’s Analytical Psychology	we are shaped not only from our past, but from our aspirations of the future as well
Contemporary Trends	Rooted in traumas and development disturbances during the separation-individuation phase
Jung Psychoanalytic Therapy	less deterministic and focused on midlife
Contemporary Psychoanalytic Therapy	less authoritarian, less adherent to objective "truth", more developmental/social
Adlerian Therapy	humans are motivated by social interest, by striving towards goals, by inferiority and superiority, and by dealing with tasks of life.
Adlerian Therapy	emphasis is on the individual’s positive capacities to live in society cooperatively
Adlerian Therapy	people have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create events
Adlerian Therapy	each person at an early age creates a unique style of life, which tends to remain relatively constant throughout life
Existential Therapy	central focus is on the nature of the human condition
Existential Therapy	capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one’s fate , and taking responsibility
Existential Therapy	includes anxiety, the search for meaning, and being alone
Existential Therapy	striving for authenticity and being in relations with others
Person-centered Therapy	view of humans in positive, we have an inclination towards becoming fully functioning
Person-centered Therapy	client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness in therapy
Person-centered Therapy	client moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness
Gestalt Therapy	person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling and behaving
Gestalt Therapy	key concepts include contact with self and others, contact boundaries, and awareness
Gestalt Therapy	view is nondeterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties
Gestalt Therapy	an experiential approach
Gestalt Therapy	grounded in the here and now
Gestalt Therapy	emphasizes awareness, personal choice, and responsibility
Person-centered Therapy	client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to resolve them
Person-centered Therapy	faith is placed in the client’s capacity for self-direction
Person-centered Therapy	mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self
Person-centered Therapy	maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is
Person-centered Therapy	attention in therapy is given to the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings
Gestalt Therapy	emphasis is on the “what” and “how” of experiencing in the here and now to help clients accept all aspects of themselves
Gestalt Therapy	key concepts include holism and awareness
Gestalt Therapy	key concepts include figure-formation, contact and energy
Gestalt Therapy	key concepts include unfinished business and avoidance
Adlerian Therapy	key concepts include unity of personality and the need to view people from their subjective perspective
Adlerian Therapy	key concepts include the importance of life goals that give direction to behavior
Adlerian Therapy	people are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning
Adlerian Therapy	key concepts include striving for significance and superiority
Adlerian Therapy	key concepts include developing a unique lifestyle and understanding the family constellation
Adlerian Therapy	therapy is a matter of providing encouragement and assisting clients in changing their cognitive perspective and behavior
Existential Therapy	an experiential approach rather than a firm theoretical model
Existential Therapy	stresses the human condition
Existential Therapy	personality development is based on the uniqueness of each individual
Existential Therapy	sense of self develops from infancy
Existential Therapy	interest is on the present and on what one is becoming
Existential Therapy	approach has a future orientation and stresses self-awareness before action
Adlerian Therapy	goal to challenge clients’ basic premises and life goals
Adlerian Therapy	goal to offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals and increase social interest
Adlerian Therapy	goal to develop client’s sense of belonging
Existential Therapy	goal to help people see that they are free to become aware of their possibilities
Existential Therapy	goal to challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them
Existential Therapy	goal to identify factors that block freedom
Person-centered Therapy	goal to provide a safe climate conducive to clients’ self-exploration, so they can recognize blocks to growth and can experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted
Person-centered Therapy	goal to enable clients to move towards openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness
Person-centered Therapy	goal to find meaning in life and to experience life fully
Person-centered Therapy	goal to become more self-directed
Gestalt Therapy	goal to assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing
Gestalt Therapy	goal to assist clients to expand the capacity to make choices
Gestalt Therapy	goal to foster integration of the self
Adlerian Therapy	emphasis is on joint responsibility, on mutually determining goals, and mutual trust and respect, and on equality
Adlerian Therapy	focus is on identifying, exploring, and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions within the person’s lifestyle
Existential Therapy	therapist’s main tasks are to accurately grasp clients’ being in the world and to establish a personal and authentic encounter with them
Existential Therapy	immediacy of the client-therapist relationship and the authenticity of the here and now encounter are stressed
Existential Therapy	both client and therapist can be changed by the encounter
Person-centered Therapy	therapeutic relationship is of primary importance
Person-centered Therapy	qualities of therapist include genuineness, warmth, accurate empathy, respect, and nonjudgmentalness
Person-centered Therapy	clients use genuine relationship with therapist to help them transfer what they learn to other relationships
Gestalt Therapy	central importance is given to I/Thou relationship and the quality of the therapist’s presence
Gestalt Therapy	therapist’s attitudes and behavior count more than the techniques used
Gestalt Therapy	therapist does not interpret for clients but assist them in developing the means to make their own interpretations
Gestalt Therapy	clients identify and work on unfinished business from the past that interferes with current functioning
Adlerian Therapy	pays more attention to the subjective experiences of clients than to using techniques
Adlerian Therapy	techniques include gathering life-history, sharing interpretations with clients and assisting clients search for new possibilities
Existential Therapy	stresses understanding first and techniques second
Existential Therapy	therapist can borrow techniques from other approaches
Existential Therapy	diagnosis, testing, and external measurements are not deemed important
Existential Therapy	issues addressed are freedom and responsibility, isolation and relationships, meaning and meaninglessness
Person-centered Therapy	approach uses few techniques but stresses the attitudes of the therapist and a way of being
Person-centered Therapy	therapists strive for active listening, reflection of feelings, clarification, and being there for the client
Person-centered Therapy	does not include diagnostic testing, interpretation, taking a case history, or questioning/probing for information
Gestalt Therapy	wide range of experiments are designed to intensify experiencing and to integrate conflicting feelings
Gestalt Therapy	experiments are co-created by therapist and client through an I/Thou dialogue
Gestalt Therapy	therapists have latitude to creatively invent their own experiments
Gestalt Therapy	formal diagnosis and testing are not a required part of therapy
Adlerian Therapy	applicable to parent-child counseling, couples and families, individual (all ages), correctional, rehab, group, substance abuse, and brief counseling
Adlerian Therapy	ideally suited to preventive care and alleviating a broad range of conditions that interfere with growth
Existential Therapy	suited to people facing a developmental crisis or a transition in life or those seeking personal enhancement
Existential Therapy	suited for people making choices, dealing with freedom/responsibility, coping with guilt and anxiety, making sense of life, and finding values
Existential Therapy	applied to both individual and group counseling, couples, families, crisis intervention, community mental health work
Person-centered Therapy	wide applicability to individual and groups
Person-centered Therapy	well suited for initial phases of crisis intervention work
Person-centered Therapy	applied to couple, families, community programs, admin/mgmt, and human relations
Person-centered Therapy	useful approach for teaching, parent-child relations and working with diverse cultural groups
Gestalt Therapy	useful for crisis intervention, treatment of psychosomatic disorders, couples, families, awareness training of mental health professionals, behavior problems in children, individuals and groups
Gestalt Therapy	methods are powerful catalysts for opening up feelings and getting clients into contact with their present-centered experience
Adlerian Therapy	focuses on social interest, helping others, collectivism, pursuing meaning of life, importance of family, goal orientation, and belonging is congruent with values of many cultures
Adlerian Therapy	focus on person in the environment allows for cultural factors to be explored
Existential Therapy	focus is on understanding client’s phenomenological world, including cultural background
Existential Therapy	leads to empowerment in an oppressive society
Existential Therapy	can help clients examine their options for change within the context of their cultural realities
Existential Therapy	suited to counseling diverse clients due to philosophical foundation emphasizing the human condition
Person-centered Therapy	focus is on breaking cultural barriers and facilitating open dialogue among diverse cultural populations
Person-centered Therapy	main strengths are respect for clients’ values, active listening, welcoming of differences, nonjudgemental attitude, understanding, willingness to allow clients to determine what will be explored in sessions and prizing cultural plurism
Gestalt Therapy	focus on expressing oneself nonverbally is congruent with cultures that look beyond words for messages
Gestalt Therapy	provides many experiments in working with clients who have cultural injunctions against freely expressing feelings
Gestalt Therapy	can help to overcome language barrier with bilingual clients
Gestalt Therapy	focus on bodily expressions is subtle way to helps clients recognize conflicts
Adlerian Therapy	approach’s detailed interview about one’s family background can conflict with cultures that have injunctions against disclosing family matters
Adlerian Therapy	some clients view the counselor as an authority who will provide answers to problems, which conflicts with egalitarian, person-to-person spirit as a way to reduce social distance
Existential Therapy	values of individuality, freedom, autonomy and self-realization often conflict with cultural values of collectivism, respect for tradition, deference to authority, and interdependence
Existential Therapy	some multicultural clients may be deterred by the absence of specific techniques
Person-centered Therapy	some of the core values in this approach may not be congruent with the client’s culture
Person-centered Therapy	lack of counselor direction and structure are unacceptable for multicultural clients who are seeking help and immediate answers from a professional
Gestalt Therapy	clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved may no embrace this approach
Gestalt Therapy	some multicultural clients may not see how being aware of the present experience will lead to solving their problems
Adlerian Therapy	key contributions is the influence on other systems and the integration of these concepts into various contemporary therapies
Adlerian Therapy	one of the first approaches to therapy that was humanistic, unified, holistic, and goal-oriented that put an emphasis on social and psychological factors
Existential Therapy	major contribution is recognition of the need for subjective approach based on a complete view of the human condition
Existential Therapy	calls attention to the need for philosophical statement on what it means to be a person
Existential Therapy	stress on the I/Thou relationship lessens the chances of dehumanizing therapy
Existential Therapy	provides a perspective for understanding anxiety, guilt, freedom, death, isolation, and commitment
Person-centered Therapy	clients take an active stance and assume responsibility for the direction of therapy
Person-centered Therapy	unique approach has been subjected to empirical testing and as a result both theory and methods have been modified
Person-centered Therapy	an open system
Person-centered Therapy	people without advanced training can benefit by translating the therapeutic conditions to both their personal and professional lives
Person-centered Therapy	basic concepts are straightforward and easy to grasp and apply
Person-centered Therapy	foundation for building a trusting relationship, applicable to all therapies
Gestalt Therapy	emphasis of direct experiencing and doing rather than on merely talking about feelings provides a perspective on growth and enhancement, not merely a treatment of disorders
Gestalt Therapy	uses clients’ behavior as the basis for making them aware of their inner creative potential
Gestalt Therapy	approach to dreams is unique, creative tool to help clients discover basic conflicts
Gestalt Therapy	viewed as an existential encounter
Gestalt Therapy	process-oriented, not technique oriented
Gestalt Therapy	recognizes nonverbal behavior as a key to understanding
Adlerian Therapy	weak in terms of precision, testability, and empirical validity
Adlerian Therapy	few attempts have been made to validate the basic concepts by scientific methods
Adlerian Therapy	tends to oversimplify some complex human problems and is based heavily on common sense
Existential Therapy	many basic concepts are fuzzy and ill-defined, making its general framework abstract at times
Existential Therapy	lacks a systematic statement of principles and practices of therapy
Existential Therapy	has limited applicability to lower functioning and nonverbal clients and to clients in extreme crisis who need direction
Person-centered Therapy	possible danger from the therapist who remains passive and inactive, limiting responses to reflection
Person-centered Therapy	many clients feels a need for greater direction, more structure, and more techniques
Person-centered Therapy	clients in crisis may need more directive measures
Person-centered Therapy	applied to individual counseling, some cultural groups will expect more counselor activity
Gestalt Therapy	techniques lead to intense emotional expression; if these feeling are not explored and if cognitive work is not done, clients are likely to be left unfinished and will not have a sense of integration of their learning
Gestalt Therapy	clients who have difficulty using imagination may not profit from experiments
Adlerian Therapy	does tend to focus of the self which may be problematic for collectivistic members
Adlerian Therapy	some clients with pressing problems are hesitant to discuss other areas that they don’t see as being connected to their issue

Adlerian Therapy	Moved away from Freud’s deterministic point of view and towards social-psychological and teleological (goal-oriented) view of nature – nurture is more significant that nature
Adlerian Therapy	Where we are going is more important than where we came from
Adlerian Therapy	We create ourselves rather than merely being shaped by our childhood experiences
Adlerian Therapy	incorporates unity of personality – people can only be understood as integrated and complete beings
Adlerian Therapy	The individual begins to form an approach to life somewhere in the first 6 years of age
Adlerian Therapy	Humans are motivated primarily by social relatedness rather than by sexual urges
Adlerian Therapy	the conscious is the focus of therapy
Adlerian Therapy	Feelings of inferiority are normal and can be the wellspring of creativity, motivating us
Adlerian Therapy	the first systematic approach – important to understand people within the systems they live in
Adlerian Therapy	Dreams are a rehearsal of possible future courses of action
Adlerian Therapy	Encouragement is central to all phases of counseling and suited to brief time limited therapy
Adlerian Therapy	Very influential on other therapy systems and theories
Adlerian Therapy	understanding the whole person; holistic concept that we cannot be understood in parts
Adlerian Therapy	Experiences don’t define our personalities; the interpretation of experience does
Adlerian Therapy	Community feeling embodies the feeling of being connected to all of humanity – past, present and future – and to being involved in making the world a better place
Adlerian Therapy	We must master three universal life tasks: building friendships (social), establishing intimacy (love), and contributing to society (occupational)
Adlerian Therapy	Dreikurs and Mosak added getting along with ourselves (self-acceptance) and developing our spiritual dimension
Adlerian Therapy	holistic lifestyle assessment and disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions
Adlerian Therapy	Develop the client’s sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors that match community interest
Adlerian Therapy	Client’s problem arise because the conclusions based on their private logic often do not conform to the requirements of social living
Adlerian Therapy	Purpose of therapy is to identify basic mistakes – learning how to correct faulty assumptions is central
Adlerian Therapy	Client relationship is egalitarian based on cooperation, mutual trust, respect, confidence and goal alignment
Person-centered therapy	Immediacy (addressing what is going on between client and therapist) is highly valued
Person-centered therapy	Cognitive behavioral tasks occur naturally using this approach
Person-centered therapy	High level of therapist self-development is not required
Person-centered therapy	Assessment is frequently viewed as a prerequisite to the treatment process
Person-centered therapy	Works with anxiety disorders, alcoholism, psychosomatic problems, agoraphobia, interpersonal difficulties, depression, cancer, and personality disorders
Person-centered therapy	Works well in crisis intervention (unwanted pregnancy, illness, disastrous event or loss of loved one)
Person-centered therapy	In groups, therapists should avoid making interpretative comments because it makes the group self-conscious and slows the process down
Person-centered therapy	goals are towards the client achieving a greater degree of independence and integration
Existential Theory	is a philosophical approach that influences a counselor’s therapeutic practice
Existential Theory	grounded on the assumption that we are free and responsible for our choices and actions
Existential Theory	rejects deterministic views
Existential Theory	we are not passive victims, we are the architects of our lives
Existential Theory	seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on one hand and the possibilities and opportunities of human life on the other hand.
Existential Therapy	Understanding the client’s subjective world
Existential Therapy	Invites clients to accept personal responsibility
Existential Therapy	If clients blame others, therapist is likely to ask them how they contributed to the situation
Existential Therapy	Assist clients to see the ways in which they constrict their awareness and the cost of such a restricted existence
Existential Therapy	Getting a stuck person moving again while getting them to take ownership of their lives
Existential Therapy	Core of client/therapist relationship is respect and the faith by the therapist in the client’s ability to cope authentically with their troubles and their ability to discover alternative ways of being
Existential therapy	when applied to brief therapy may work if beneficial outcomes are likely which may or may not occur depending on what needs to be resolved.
Existential Therapy	Fails to recognize social factors that cause human problems
Existential Therapy	Some clients see little hope that external realities of racism, discrimination, and oppression will change even if they change internally which leads them to experience a deep sense of frustration and feelings of powerlessness
Existential Therapy	Important to recognize survival issues
Existential Therapy	In many cultures it is not possible to talk about self and self-determination apart from the context of social network and environmental conditions
Existential Therapy	Client is responsible for the direction of therapy which may not be suitable for some clients
Existential Therapy	Lacks a systematic statement of principles and practices
Existential Therapy	Difficult to study and apply research
Existential Therapy	practitioners reject the idea that the process can be measured and evaluated in quantitative and empirical ways
Existential Therapy	hard to measure because it makes use of techniques from other theories
Existential Therapy	High level of maturity, life experience, and intensive training is required of practitioners
Existential Therapy	Goal is moving towards authenticity and learning to recognize when they are deceiving themselves
Existential Therapy	it is a very deep approach and can take a while
Existential Therapy	increased awareness is central role
Gestalt Therapy	existential, phenomenological, and process based
Gestalt Therapy	Understood in the context of the ongoing relationship with the environment
Gestalt Therapy	Initial goal is to gain awareness and change will occur
Gestalt Therapy	Focuses on here and now, the what and how, and the I/Thou of relating
Gestalt Therapy	Clients are expected to do their own seeing, feeling, sensing, and interpreting
Gestalt Therapy	Clients have the ability to self-regulate when they are aware of what is happening around them
Gestalt Therapy	Growth occurs out of genuine contact between client and therapist
Gestalt Therapy	Unification process of reowning parts of oneself that have been disowned proceed step by step until clients are strong enough to carry it on their own
Gestalt Therapy	The more we work at becoming who or what we are not, the more we remain the same –authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not
Relational Gestalt Therapy	stresses dialogue and relationship between client and therapist
Relational Gestalt Therapy	More support and increased kindness and compassion
Gestalt Therapy	works with culturally diverse populations if timed appropriately and used flexibly
Gestalt Therapy	cultural clients might benefit from integrating polarities within themselves.
Gestalt Therapy	Clear limitations with those clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved
Gestalt Therapy	Does not place a premium on the role of the therapist as teacher
Gestalt Therapy	Therapist must have a high level of personal development
Gestalt Therapy	Therapist need to possess sensitivity, timing, inventiveness, empathy and respect for client
Contemporary Gestalt Therapy	place less emphasis on resistance than early versions of because the terms are not congruent with the theory and practice
Gestalt Therapy	all about observing what is happening versus making things happen
Adlerian therapy	Stresses assuming responsibility, creating one’s own destiny, finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life
Existential, Person-Centered, and Gestalt Therapy	Experimental and Relationship-oriented therapies
Existential Therapy	Reacting against tendency to view therapy as system of well-defined techniques
Existential Therapy	Focuses on the quality of person-to-person therapeutic relationship
Existential Therapy	Stresses the divergent methods of understanding the subjective world of a person
Person-centered Therapy	Quality of the client-therapist relationship is prime determinant of therapeutic outcome
Person-centered Therapy	Developed as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis
Person-centered Therapy	assumes that clients have the capacity for self-direction without active therapist’s intervention or direction
Gestalt therapy	Therapists take an active role, yet follow the lead provided by clients
Person-Centered Therapy	Clients come to recognize that they have lost contact with themselves by using facades
Gestalt Therapy	The past will make regular appearances in the present moment, usually because of some lack of completion of that past experience
Gestalt Therapy	Important to pay attention to body language and to speaking habits and language patterns
Gestalt Therapy	Not focused on predetermined goals but attending to the basic goal of gaining greater awareness and with it, greater choice
Gestalt Therapy	Therapists share their personal experiences in relevant and appropriate ways; they do not manipulate clients
Gestalt Therapy	Confrontation is used at times but does not have to be viewed as a harsh attack; it can be done is ways that clients are invited to examine their behaviors, attitudes, and thoughts

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