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Key Associations
Disease/findings vs. Most common/important associations
| Disease/findings | Most common/important associat |
|---|---|
| Actinic (solar) keratosis | Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma |
| Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury | Cushing's ulcer (increase ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion) |
| Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns | Culing's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric muscosa) |
| Alterating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon | Skip lesion (Crohn's disease) |
| Aneurysm, dissecting | Hypertension |
| Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta | Atherosclerosis |
| Aortic aneurysm, ascending | Marfan's syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration) |
| Atrophy of the mammillary bodies | Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion |
| Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage) | Sickle cell anemia (HbS) |
| Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer | H. pylori |
| Bacterial meningitis (adult and elderly) | Neisseria meningitidis |
| Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids) | Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids) |
| Benign melanocytic nevus | Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades) |
| Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency | Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor) |
| Brain tumor (adults) | Supratentorial: mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma |
| Brain tumor (kids) | Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum) |
| Breast cancer | Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the United States, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer) |
| Breast mass | 1. Fibrocystic change 2. Carcinoma (in postmenopausal women) |
| Breast tumor (benign) | Fibroadenoma |
| Cardiac 1° tumor (kids) | Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis |
| Cardiac manifestation of lupus | Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve) |
| Cardiac tumor (adults) | 1. Metastasis 2. 1° myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve") |
| Cerebellar tonsillar herniation | Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia) |
| Chronic arrhythmia | Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli) |
| Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune) | Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia) |
| Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina | DES exposure in utero |
| Compression fracture | Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman) |
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension | 21-hydroxylase deficiency |
| Congenital cardiac anomaly | VSD |
| Congenital conjugated hyperilirubinemia (black liver) | Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile) |
| Constrictive pericarditis | Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world) |
| Coronary artery involved in thrombosis | LAD > RCA > LCA |
| Cretinism | Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism |
| Cushing's syndrome | 1. Corticosteroid therapy 2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary 3. Small cell lung carcinoma |
| Cyanosis (early; less common) | Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus |
| Cyanosis (late; more common) | VSD, ASD, PDA |
| Death in CML | Blast crisis |
| Death in SLE | Lupus nephropathy |
| Dementia | 1. Alzheimer's disease 2. Multiple infracts |
| Demyelinating disease in young women | multiple sclerosis |
| DIC | Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma |
| Dietary deficit | Iron |
| Diverticulum in pharynx | Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow) |
| Ejection click | Aortic/pulmonic stenosis |
| Esophageal cancer | Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.) |
| Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated) | S. aureus, B. cereus |
| Glomerulonephritis (adults) | Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy) |
| Gynecologic malignancy | Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide) |
| Heart murmur, congenital | Mitral valve prolapse |
| Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis | Mitral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse), aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever) |
| Helminth infection (U.S.) | 1. Enterobius vermicularis 2.Ascaris lumbricoides |
| Hematoma--epidural | Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped) |
| Hematoma--subdural | Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped) |
| Hemochromatosis | Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma) |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C) |
| Hereditary bleeding disorder | von Willebrand's disease |
| Hereditary harmless jaundice | Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia) |
| HLA-B27 | Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis |
| HLA-DR3 or -DR4 | Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE |
| Holosystolic murmur | VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation |
| Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis | Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis) |
| Hypertension, 2° | Renal disease |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Accidental excision during thyroidectomy |
| Hypopituitarism | Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor) |
| Infection 2° to blood transfusion | Hepatitis C |
| Infection in chronic granulomatous disease | Saphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive) |
| Kidney stones | 1. Calcium = radiopaque 2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease- positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) 3. Uric acid = radiolucent |
| Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L→ R becomes R→ L) | Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia) |
| Liver disease | Alcoholic cirrhosis |
| Lysosomal storage disease | Gaucher's disease |
| Male cancer | Prostatic carcinoma |
| Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever | Hodgkin's lymphoma |
| Malignant skin tumor | Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes) |
| Mental retardation | 1. Down syndrome 2. Fragile X syndrome |
| Metastases to bone | Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney |
| Metastases to brain | Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI |
| Metastases to liver | Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lunch carcinomas |
| Mitochondrial inheritance | Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only |
| Mitral valve stenosis | Rheumatic heart disease |
| Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease | ALS |
| Myocarditis | Coxsackie β |
| Neoplasm (kids) | 1. ALL 2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma |
| Nephrotic syndrome (adults) | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis |
| Nephrotic syndrome (kids) | Minimal change disease (associated with infection/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids) |
| Neuron migration failure | Kallmann syndrome |
| Nosocomial pneumonia | Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aerugimosa |
| Obstruction of male urinary tract | BPH |
| Opening snap | Mitral stenosis |
| Opportunistic infection in AIDS | Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia |
| Osteomyelitis | S. aureus |
| Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease | Salmonella |
| Osteomyelitis with IV drug use | Pseudomonas, S. aureus |
| Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer | Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells) |
| Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral | Serous cystadenoma |
| Ovarian tumor (malignant) | Serous cystadenocarcinoma |
| Pancreatitis (acute) | Gallstones, alcohol |
| Pancreatitis (chronic) | Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids) |
| Patient with ALL/CLL/AML?CML | ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult - 60, CML: adult 30-60 |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease | Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis) |
| Philadelphia chromosome t(8;22) (ber-abl) | CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML) |
| Pituitary tumor | 1. Prolactinoma 2. Somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma |
| Primary amenorrhea | Turner syndrome (45XO) |
| Primary bone tumor (adults) | Multiple myeloma |
| Primary hyperaldosteronism | Adenoma of adrenal cortex |
| Primary hyperparathyroidism | 1. Adenomas 2. Hyperplasia 3. Carcinoma |
| Primary liver cancer | Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α-1 antitrypsin) |
| Pulmonary hypertension | COPD |
| Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities | Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco) |
| Renal tumor | Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH) |
| Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause | Cor pulmonale |
| S3 (protodiastolic gallop) | Increase ventricular filling (L→ R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF]) |
| S4 (presystolic gallop) | Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy) |
| Secondary hyperparathyroidism | Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease |
| Sexually transmitted disease | Chlamydia (usually confected with gonorrhea) |
| SIADH | Small cell carcinoma of the lung |
| Site of diverticula | Sigmoid colon |
| Sites of atherosclerosis | Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid |
| Stomach cancer | Adenocarcinoma |
| Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum (or pancreas) |
| t(14;18) | Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation) |
| t(8;14) | Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation) |
| t(9;22) | Philadelphia chromosome, CML (ber-abl fusion) |
| Temporal arteritis | Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica |
| Testicular tumor | Seminoma |
| Thyroid cancer | Papillary carcinoma |
| Tumor in women | Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous) |
| Tumor of infancy | Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood) |
| Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) | Pheochromocytoma (usually benign) |
| Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids) | Neuroblastoma (malignant) |
| Type of Hodgkin's | Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion) |
| Type of non-Hodgkin's | Diffuse large cell |
| UTI | E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women) |
| Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe | HSV-1 |
| Vitamin deficiency (U.S.) | Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects |
Created by:
zdevilbiss
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