Help
Options
Question
-a relative constancy in the internal environment of the body that is naturally maintained by adaptive responses that promote healthy survival
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
What are the primary mechanisms that maintain homeostasis?
Remaining cards (97)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Patient Care
Chap 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| -a relative constancy in the internal environment of the body that is naturally maintained by adaptive responses that promote healthy survival | homeostasis |
| What are the primary mechanisms that maintain homeostasis? | heartbeat, blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory rate, and electrolyte balance |
| -primary mechanisms that adapt to responses inside or outside the body to maintain homeostasis | vital signs |
| What are the vital signs? | body temp, pulse rate,blood pressure, respiratory rate, mental alertness (sensorium) |
| Why are vital signs important? | they often reveal the first clue of adverse reactions associated with treatments and diagnostic procedures |
| -reflects the degree of heat of the deep tissues of the human body | body temp |
| -the term used to describe the body's maintenance of heat production and heat loss | thermoregulation |
| What plays an important role in regulating heat loss? | hypothalamus |
| What can initiate peripheral vasodilation and sweating to dissipate body heat? | hypothalamus |
| What does diaphoresis mean? | sweating |
| What does shivering do? | generates heat |
| What does vasoconstriction do? | conserve heat |
| The _______ thermometer has a rounded bulb whereas the _______ type has a slender, more pointed tip. | rectal / oral |
| 5 routes commonly used to measure body temp: | 1. oral 2. axillary 3. tympanic 4. temporal 5. rectal |
| - temp obtained by placing the thermometer high between the upper arm and the torso | axillary |
| How long must the thermometer stay in place for an accurate axillary reading? | 5-10 mins |
| How long does it take for an accurate rectal reading? | 2.5 - 5 mins |
| -obtained by placing a tympanic membrane thermometer in the ear | tympanic |
| What is believed to be the most accurate way to obtain body temp? | rectal |
| What is a close second to obtaining the most accurate body temp? | temporal artery |
| -when the oral temp is higher than 99.5 a fever exists | hyperthermia |
| A patient with a fever is said to be | febrile |
| -when the patients temperature falls below the normal range | hypothermia |
| What is the normal range for body temp? | 97.6 - 100 F |
| -the depth of breath | tidal volume |
| At rest, what is the normal respiratory rate for an adult? | 12-20 breaths / min |
| What is the normal respiratory rate for a child? infant? | 20-30 breaths / min 30-60 breaths / min |
| During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves? | downard, pushing abdominal cavity outward |
| Downward movment of the diaphragm causes an expansion in the chest cavity and what happens to the pressure? | decreases |
| How is respiratory rate obtained? | by observing the rise and fall of the chest |
| What is the best way to obtain the patient's respiratory rate? | without the patient knowing it |
| -term used to describe rates greater than 20 breaths/min in an adult patient | tachypnea |
| term used to describe a decrease in respiratory rate | bradypnea |
| -results from depression of the respiratory center of the brain-common with drug over doses, head trauma, and hypothermia | bradypnea |
| -difficulty breathing while lying down | orthopnea |
| What is the normal rang for pulse in: an infant? an adult? a child? | 110-170 / min 60-100 beats /min 70-120 beats/min |
| What is considered a normal blood pressure? | 120 / 80 |
| What are the three common sites for measuring pulse rate? | radial artery in the wrist, brachial artery, carotid artery in neck |
| What is ausultation? | listening to the chest with a stethoscope placed over the heart |
| How are apical pulses obtained? | listening to the heart with a stethoscope placed over the chest and counting each heartbeat |
| -reflect the rapidity of each heart contraction and are recorded as the number of beats/min | pulse rates |
| How are arterial oxygen saturation levels measured> | though a periodic blood-gas analyses |
| -catheter that is inserted into an artery | arterial line |
| -nonivasive device used to provide ongoing assessment of the hemoglobin oxygen saturation of arterial blood as well as the patient's pulse rate | pulse oximeter |
| How are hemoglobin oxygen saturation and pulse rate determined? | by measuring absorption of selected wavelengths of light by the circulating blood |
| What is the normal pulse oximeter value for a healthy person? | 95%-100% |
| -when heart contractions & pulse rates increase by more than 20 BPM in the resting adult or reach a rate greater than 100 BPM | tachycardia |
| -decrease in heart rate | bradycardia |
| -measure of the force exerted by blood on the arterial walls during contraction and relaxation of the heart | blood pressure |
| -the pressure that is exerted on the arterial vessels by the blood when relaxed | diastolic |
| peak pressure present during contraction of the heart is... | systolic |
| -the persistent elevation of blood pressure above 140/90 | hypertension |
| -low blood pressure, less than 95/60 | hypotension |
| How long does it take for the brain to suffer irreversible damage without oxygen? | 6mins |
| - colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that plays a critical role in efficent cellular metabolism | oxygen |
| -inadequate amt of axygen at the cellular level | hypoxia |
| What are the tissues most sensitive to hypoxia? | brain, heart, lungs, liver |
| Oxygen is given out in what does? | Liters per min / LPM |
| - a reducing valve that permits the flows safe for patient use and serves as the connection btwn the oxygen-delivery device and the gas source | oxygen flowmeter |
| -indicates pressure or the volume of oxygen inside the cylinder or canister and the flowmeter control operates the rate of oxygen flow in LPM to the patient | pressure manometer |
| What two categories of oxygen conservin devices deliver a specifically measured dose to the patient? | pulse dose & demand devices |
| -delivers a fixed volume of oxygen supply during breathing | pulsed dose |
| ______ regulators provide a continuous flow of oxygen regardless of the patients phase of breathing | conventional |
| - device does not meet the entire inspiratory needs of the patient | low-flow or variable-oxygen |
| -device does meet or exceed the inspiratory needs of the patient when the device is functioning properly | high-flow, fixed or precise oxygen concentration |
| The most common device used to deliver low concentration of oxygen? | nasal cannula |
| Flow rates up to ____ LPM can be used for the nasal cannula. However only flow rates of ______ are used. | 6 LPM / 1-4 LPM |
| ______ is added to the nasal cannula delivery system when flows are greater than 4 LPM are used. | humidity |
| Simple oxygen masks are considered to be what type of device? | low-flow |
| What oxygen rates do the simple mask require? | greater than 6 LPM |
| A ______ mask can deliver a higher percentage of oxygen than the nasal cannula or simple mask. | nonrebreathing |
| _____ are used for infants to deliver oxygen. | oxyhoods |
| What neck position can adversely influence artificial airway placement, particularly in neonatal patients? | flexing or bending the neck |
| What are the 4 uses/needs for endotracheal tubes? | 1. need for mechanical ventilation or oxygen delivery 2. upper-airway obstruction 3. impending gastric acid reflux or aspiration 4. provisions for tracheobronchial lavage |
| - is accomplished most often using a translaryngeal approach via the mouth or nose | tracheal intubation |
| How can you tell if a endotracheal tube has been placed properly? | chest radiograph, showing the distal tip 1-2 in superior to the tracheal bifurcation |
| What is the most common complication of endotracheal tube? | overventilation of the right lung and potential airway obstruction of the left |
| Another word for thoracostomy tubes | chest tubes |
| What are thoracostomy tubes used for? | to drain the intrapleural space and the mediastinum |
| ______ are inserted through the chest wall to reestablish negative intrapleural pressure in cases of pneumothorax, hemothorax, pleural effusion and empyema. | thoracostomy tubes |
| -fluid in the pleural cavity | pneumothorax |
| -blood in the pleural cavity | hemothorax |
| excess fluid in the pleural cavity | pleural effsion |
| -pus in the plerual cavity | empyema |
| ____ are catheters that are inserted into a large vein | CV Lines - central venous |
| What were CV lines developed for? | To administer chemotherapeutic and parenteral nutrition |
| What are these examples of? Broviac, Hickman, Leonard & Groshong | CV catheters |
| What is the goal of the CV postion? | to position the catheter tip in a central vein |
| What is the preferred location of the CV? | The superior vena cava approx 2-3 in above the right atrial junction |
| What is the superior vena cava the preferred location for CV? | bc of the size of the vein |
| What is the most common insertion site for CV catheters? | subclavian vein |
| Another name for Pulmonary arterial (PA) lines? | Swan-Ganz catheters |
| What are PA lines used for? | To estimate left ventricular end-diastolic pressure |
| What are some examples of complications from CV lines? | catheter dislodgment and occlusions resulting from the accumulation of blood clots or drug precipitates |
| -the product of heart rate and stroke volume and is the vital event necessary to maintain blood flow throughout the cardiovascular system. | cardiac output |
| What do you need to accomplish adequate cardiac output? | adequate blood volume and a regular cycle of muscular relaxation and contraction |
| -events that occur from the beginning of one ventricular contraction until the beginning of another | cardiac cycle |
| -abnormalities within the neural conduction system which will adversely affect cardiac output | arrhythmias |
Created by:
erikasmith28
Popular Radiology sets