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Psyc1010_chapter 8
Chapter 8- remembering & judging
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "Memory" | Ability to store & retrieve information over time. |
| "Cognition" | Processes of acquiring & using knowledge. |
| What are the two major interests of cognitive psychologists, an cognitive approach in school of psychology during 1960's? | Memory & Cognition |
| What are the two types of memory? | Explicit & Implicit |
| How many stages of memory are there? What stages are they? | Three; Sensory, Short-term, Long-term |
| How do memory process? | Encoding, Storage, Retrieval |
| "Explicit Memory" | Knowledge/experiences that can be consciously remembered. |
| Two types of "explicit memory" are: | Episodic Semantic |
| Define "Episodic" one of explicit memory: | Explicit memory 1st-hand experiences that we have had (Personally experienced events) |
| Define "semantic" one of explicit memory: | Explicit memory about our knowledge of facts & concepts about the world. (Facts & general knowledge) |
| "Implicit Memory" | Influence of experience on behavior, even if the individual is not aware of those influences. (refers to knowledge that we cannot consciously access) |
| What are the 3 general types of "implicit memory: | Procedural memory Priming Learning through classical conditioning |
| Define "procedural memory" one of the general implicit memory: | Refers to our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things. |
| Define "priming" one of the general implicit memory: | Changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequently/recently. |
| "Recall Memory Test" | Measure of "explicit memory" -involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered |
| "Relearning" (savings) | Measure of "explicit memory" -involves assessing how much more quickly information is processed/learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten. |
| "Recognition Memory Test" | Measure of "explicit memory" - involves determining whether information has been seen/learned before. |
| "Sensory Memory" | Brief storage of sensory information |
| "Iconic Memory" | VISUAL sensory memory |
| "Echoic Memory" | AUDITORY sensory memory |
| "Short-Term Memory" (STM) | Where small amount of info can be kept for more than a few seconds but less than 1min. |
| "Working Memory" | Processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, & store information in "STM" |
| "Maintenance Rehearsal" | Process of repeating info mentally/out loud with the goal of keeping in short-term memory (STM) |
| "Chunking" | Process of organizing info into smaller groupings, increasing the # of items that can be held in STM |
| "Long-Term Memory" (LTM) | Memory storage that can hold info for days, months & years. |
| Encoding | process which we place experience into memory |
| Elaborative Encoding | Learning by processing new info in ways that make it more relevant |
| Spacing Effect | Fact: learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time |
| Retrieval | process of reactivating info that has been stored in memory |
| "Tip of the tongue phenomenon" | experience of knowing something trying to recall, but can't remember/ quite come up with it |
| Context-Dependent Learning | Increase in retrieval when external situation in which info is encoded/learned matches the situation in which its remembered |
| State-Dependent Learning | Increase in retrieval- occurs when the person is tested in the same physiological/psychological state as during encoding |
| Primary Effect | better remember stimuli that are presented earlier/beginning of list |
| Recency Effect | better remember stimuli that are presented later/end of list |
| Retroactive Interference | learning something new impairs our ability to retrieve info that was learned earlier (works back-ward/ forward way) |
| Proactive Interference | when earlier learning impairs our ability to encode info that we try to learn later. (works in forward direction) |
| Category | network- associated memories that have features in common w/each other |
| Prototype | member of the category that is most average/typical of the category |
| Schema | pattern of knowledge in LTM that helps organize info |
| Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) | Development of memory: strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons |
| Amnesia | memory disorder- involves inability 2 remember info |
| Retrograde Amnesia | memory disorder- inability to retrieve events that occurred b4 a given time |
| Anterograde Amnesia | memory disorder- inability 2 transfer info from short-term to long-term memory |
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LeTran
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