| question/sentence | answer/fill-in |
| the outcome is also known as ___ | dependent variable |
| as women become more equal in society with men, their crime rates will increase (Freda Adler) | masculinity thesis |
| subordinate role of women, and male dominance | patriarchy |
| as women increase their numbers in corporate America, their rates of white-collar & corporate crime will increase along with increased opportunity | opportunity hypothesis |
| what is reintegrative shaming? | work done with the offender to cleanse deviance, community condemns crime, not criminal |
| what crimes are the focus of group conflict theory? | Political protests, labor disputes, disputes between & within competing unions, racial & ethnic clashes |
| which amendment gave women the right to vote? | 19th |
| explains both law & criminal justice, and focuses on the division between ruling-class and laborers | Marxist theory |
| what does the theory of looking-glass self mean? | we are or we become what others think we are |
| if Marxist theory is true, what type of crime rate do we expect in capitalist societies? In socialist societies? | high rate in capitalist, low rate in socialist |
| what are some red flags for whether an individual will become a chronic offender? | Fire setting, cruelty to animals, a history of bed-wetting |
| what theories did Thornberry combine when developing interactional model? | social control and social learning |
| programs used to make the offenders accept responsibility for their actions & restore them, and their victims back to normal | restorative justice |
| denotes that women need to be protected for their own good | paternalism |
| ________ is the initial acts of norm violation | primary deviance |
| the cause is also known as ____ | |
| according to Marxist, what causes crime? | Capitalistic organization of society & economic conditions |
| when is labeling a dependent variable? | when explaing why a behavior is wrong and individuals are selected |
| emphasis on the evolution of individuals criminality over time | life-course theories |
| what is disintegrative shaming? | no work done with offender and society, destroying moral bond between them |
| with power, ruling-class elite in a capitalist society | bourgeouis |
| what do developmental theorists believe about self-control? | it can be changed |
| what is the relationship between formal and informal controls? | Breakdown in informal control brings an increase in formal control, and informal controls grow out of the need to fill gaps left by weak formal controls |
| what is a master status? | labels that transcend all other traits |
| according to the Marxist theory, what is the purpose of imprisonment? | to regulate availability & cost of labor |
| pertains to behaviors and attitudes toward certain individuals as if they are “on a pedestal”; good, pure | chivalry |
| what two approaches are often used according to feminist theorists? | add women and stir approach, sex role approach |
| desistance | when someone stops offending |
| according to Marxists, what is the reason for conflict? | mode of production |
| formal control is administered by___ | police and courts |
| no power, working-class in a capitalist society | proletariat |
| according to conflict theorists what groups are most likely to be involved in the criminal justice system for violations of the law? | the poor, lower- class, and more disadvantaged group; minorities, poor, young, no power |
| conforming means____ | not perceived as deviant, obedient |
| criminology & CJ based off of the experiences, understanding, & view of the world perceived by women | falsely accused, pure deviant, conforming, secret deviant |
| perspective that examines a capitalist’s role in the impact, damage, & fear caused by traditional street crime, in the society | left realism |
| explain self-selection versus social learning debate as related to Thornberry’s interactional model | self-selection: seeking out delinquent because you are delinquent
social Learning: becoming delinquent because you learned from peers that are delinquent |
| a group that is less expensive, low threat | social junk |
| what distinguishes labeling theory from other theories? | labeling has unintended consequences like the person becoming more criminal/deviant |
| what crimes are committed by the lower class against the upper class? | accommodation & resistance |
| what is dramatization of evil? | communitys dramatized reaction to the breaking of minor laws |
| absence of opportunities along w/ pressure to compete equally will lead to increased crime by women | economic marginalization hypothesis |
| what are the waves on feminism? | mid-1800s, 1960s, 1980s-1990s |
| frequency | how often an offender offends |
| a movement to do away with current, violent CJS & replace with one of love & non-violence; reduce violence | peacemaking criminology |
| "male-centered" | androcentric |
| falsely accused means ___ | obedient, perceived as deviant |
| who is responsible for primary and secondary deviance? | Edwin Lemert |
| what did Otto Pollak believe about women and crime? | women have been more criminal in nature than what has generally been perceived |
| informal control is administered by ____ | family, friends, church, neighborhood |
| ____ is responsible for the looking glass theory | Cooley |
| _____ is responsible for group conflict theory | George Vold |
| what is the difference between transitions and trajectories? | transitions are specific events that are important in altering long-term trends in behavior. Trajectories are paths that people take in a long-term sense |
| intensisty | the degree of seriousness of offeneses |
| _____ is the view that society is divided into groups with competeing ideas and values. The group with most power makes laws and controls society | conflict theory |
| what is retrospective interpretation? | feminist theory |
| what are Becker's typology of delinquents? | independent variable |
| what crimes are committed by the ruling class against the lower class? | Domination & repression, control, government; Crime of accommodation & Crime of resistance |
| secret deviant means ____ | not perceived as deviant, breaking the rules |
| ______ is responsible for reintegrative shaming | John Braithwaite |
| a group that is expensive, high threat | social dynamite |
| pure deviant means ____ | breaks rules, perceived as deviant |
| link between witnessing or being a victim when younger, and becoming criminal as an adult | cycle of violence |
| a worker that does not recognize their own interests, & think their interests are with the bourgeois | false class consciousness |
| when is labeling an independent variable? | when labels are what is causing the problem and perpetuating the delinquent behavior |
| what are the two types of offenders explained in Moffitt’s developmental theory or taxonomy? | adolescence-limited: engage in criminal activity only during teenage & young adult years
life-course persistent: begin offending very early and continue far into adulthood; lowest percentage, but most violent |
| according to Marxist theory, what should happen to imprisonment in times of recession? | imprisonment should be high |
| according to Marxists, what are the social classes in society? | capitalism |
| onset | when someone begins offending |
| secondary deviance is when the actor ________ | realizes label and its effects, and its deviant role |
| what are the findings of the Schwartz and Scholnick study? | any involvement with the CJS seemed to impact the ability to get a job, even if the person was not found guilty |
