| Question | Answer |
| Name the 9 abdominal regions | left/right hypochondriac, left/right lumbar, left/right iliac, peri-umbilical region, epigastric, hypogastric |
| Appendicitus Signs & Symptoms | - Common in 12-16 year olds
- Pain often starts in peri-umbilical area and settles in right lower quadrant
- Pyrexia - Nausea - Vomiting
- Pain worsens when walking or coughing |
| Hernia Signs & Symptoms | - Internal body part pushes through a weakness in muscle wall
- May be a lump/swelling in abdo/groin
- Severe sudden pain
- Nausea/vomiting
- Constipation may indicate serious situation |
| Bowel obstruction Signs & Symptoms | - Intermittent/severe abdo pain
- Unintentional weight loss
- Constant swelling of abdo
- Overflow diarrhoea?
- Nausea/vomiting
- Medical emergency |
| Peptic ulcer Signs & Symptoms | - Long term use of NSAIDs
- Infection from helicobacter pylori bacteria
- Central burning abdo pain
- Back pain
- Nausea
Perforation symptoms (medical emergency):
- Sudden epigastric pain
- Abdo swelling
- Bloating |
| Diverticulitis Signs & Symptoms | Marble sized pouches in colon wall tear causing inflammation/infection
- Lower abdo pain (left lumber/left iliac regions)
- Pyrexia
- diarrhea
- Severe pain |
| IBD (Chrons disease/Ulcerative colitus) Signs & Symptoms | - Abdo pain
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Blood in stool
- Malnutrition |
| Gastroenteritis Signs & Symptoms | - Common cause of D&V
- Pyrexia
- Abdo cramps
- Aching limbs
- Headache
NB: very contagious! |
| AAA Signs & Symptoms | - Pulsating mass in abdomen
- Pain in lower back
- Sweating
- Dizzyness
- Shortness of breath
- Collapse |
| Upper GI bleeding Signs & Symptoms | - Blood in sputum
- Blood in vomit
- Vomit looks like coffee grounds
NB: May lead to hypovoaemic shock, most common gastrointestinal event as there are a lot of causes |
| Lower GI bleeding Signs & Symptoms | - History of NSAIDs use
- Blood in stools |
| Pneumonia Signs & Symptoms | - Productive cough
- "Crackling sound" when auscultated
- Chest pain/tightness
- Wheezing
- Persistent cough
- Confusion/disorientation |
| Pulmonary embolism Signs & Symptoms | - Pleuricy
- SPO2 <92
- Haemoptysis
- Syncope
- Pain in one calf
- >100 BPM
- ECG changes
- Dyspnoea
- Tachypnoea |
| Bronchitis Signs & Symptoms | - Dysnpoea from bronchial tube constriction
- Cyanotic
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnoea
- Use of accessory respiration muscles
- Dilated slow reacting pupils
- Oedema (slow cap refill)
- Reduced LOC from hypoxia
- Reduced SP02
- Wheezing on ausculation |
| Emphysema | - Barrel shaped chest due to trapped air in lungs from alveoli damage
- Pink skin
- Oedema
- Tachypnoea
- Tachycardia
- Dyspnoea
- Wheezing
- Use of accessory muscles |
| Asthma Acute Severe | - Can't talk in complete sentences
- SPO2 <92
- >30 resp rate
- >110 BPM |
| Asthma Life Threatening | - Silent chest
- Cyanosis
- SPO2 <92%
- Hypotension
- Poor resps
- Exhaustion
- Confusion |
| Left Ventricular Failure | - Fluid retention
- Less urination
- Palpitations
- Pulmonary Oedema
- Difficulty breathing when lying down
- Weight gain from fluid retention
- Coughing
- Tachycardia
- Tiredness & Fatigue |
| Right ventricular failure | - Palpitations
- tachypnea
- Tachycardia
- Swelling in ankles and jugular
- More urine production (esp at night)
- Weight gain
- Tiredness & Fatigue |
| 3 causes of hypovolaemic shock | - Severe haemorrhage (internal/external)
- Extensive burns (serum is lost)
- Severe diarrhea and or vomiting (water & electrolytes lost) |
| 3 causes of distributive shock | - Anaphylaxis
- Sepsis
- Spinal cord injury |
| 3 causes of obstructive shock | - Cardiac tamponade
- Tension pneumothorax
- Pulmonary embolism |
| 3 causes of cardiogenic shock | - Acute heart failure
- Cardiac arrest
- Arrhythmia |
| 2 causes of dissociative shock | - Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Anaemia |
| Adrenal crisis | - Fever
- Syncope - Convulsions
- Hypoglycemia - Hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels)
- Hypotension |
| Addison's disease | - Muscle weakness and stiffening
- Withdrawal of steroids
- Anorexia
- Increased skin pigmentation - Listlessness and tiredness
- Confusion - Hypoglycemia
- Chronic dehydration
- Menstrual disturbances & loss of body hair in women |
| Acute urinary retention | - Severe abdo pain
- Unable to pass urine
- Reduced flow
- Signs of infection
- Swelling of bladder |
| UTI | - Mainly occur in women
- Burning sensation when urinating (dysuria)
- Cramping pain in lower abdo or back
- Increased frequency passing urine
- Confusion in elderly
- Pyrexia
- Nausea & Vomiting |
| Kidney stones | - Persistent ache in lower back/left or right hypochondriac regions
- Periods of intense pain (minutes or hours)
- Restlessness
- Pain when urinating (dysuria)
- Need to urinate mroe often
- Blood in urine
- Nausea/vomiting
NB: Can lead to UTI |
| Acute kidney injury | - Nausea/vomiting/diarrhea
- Passing less than 100ml urine per day
- Hypertension
- Confusion - Drowsiness
- Abdo pain/Back ache
Serious cases:
- Pulmonary edema - acidic blood
- Muscle weakness/paralysis - Arrhythmia |
| Chronic renal failure | Late stage symptoms:
- Tiredness
- Swollen ankles, feet, or hands
- Shortness of breath
- Nausea
- Haematuria (blood in urine)
- Hypertension |
| Sepsis | - History suggestive of infection
- Plus one of the following symptoms:
- <90mmHg systolic
- BPM >130
- Resps >25
- Non-blanching rash
- Cyanotic/ashen/mottled skin
- Not passed urine for >18 hours |
| Dementia | - Memory loss
- Mood & personality changes
- Problems with planning and performing tasks in the right order
- Progressviely worsens over time |
| Alzheimer's disease | - Memory loss
- Difficulty with communication
- Misplace items
- Trouble thinking of the right word
- Ask questions repetitively |
| Parkinson's disease | - Tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement
- Tiredness
- Pain - Depression - Constipation |
| Multiple sclerosis | - Mainly affects women
- Fatigue
- Vision problems (e.g. blurred vision)
- Mobility problems. - Pain
- Bladder problems/ Bowel problems |
| Ataxia | Difficulties:
- with balance and walking
- speaking - swallowing
- with tasks that require a high degree of control, such as writing and eating
- with vision |
| Cerebrovascular Event (CVE) (Stroke) | - Difficulties with speech. - Difficulties finding words
- One side of face drooping
- May not be able to keep both arms raised
- Difficulty understaning speech
- Sudden loss or blurring of vision
- Confusion - Dysphagia. - Blinding headache |
| Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA) | Same symptoms as stroke, but resolves within 24 hours |
| Status Epilepticus | Continuous convulsions lasting 5 minutes or longer
Or
A series of convulsions (>3 or more in an hour) close together without a recovery period in between them |
| Meningococcal Disease | - Pyrexia
- Vomiting
- Headache
- Non-blanching rash
- Aversion to light
- Joint/muscle pain especially in neck and shoulders
- Diarrhoea |
| Causes of coma | - Stroke
- Convulsion
- Hypoglycemia
- Hyperglycemia
- Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Overdose
- Meningitis
- Inadequate airway/respiration
Hypovolaemia
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Clinical shock
- Carbon monoxide
- Hypothermia
- Raised ICP |
| Diabetes | - Hyperglycemia
- Feeling very thirsty - Peeing more than usual & at night - Feeling very tired
- Losing weight without trying
- Thrush that keeps coming back - Blurred vision
- Cuts and grazes that are not healing. - Fruity-smelling breath |
| Traumatic brain injury | - Visible skull fractures/deformities
- Battle signs (bruising behind ears)
- "Panda eyes" periorbital ecchymosis
- CSF leaking from ears and nose
- Cushing's triad |
| Cushing's triad | - Respiratory irregularity
- Bradycardia
- Hypertension |
| 4 stages of hypovolaemic shock | - 1 No obvious clinical signs
- 2 Compensated stage, significant blood loss, body has mechanisms to maintain blood pressure
- 3 Decompensated stage. Blood loss too severe to maintain blood pressure
- 4 Irreversible swtage. Patient is likely to die |
| Raised ICP | - Dilated pupils
- Loss of vision
- Nausea & vomiting
- Fatigue
- Increased irritability |
| Name 3 acute coronary syndromes | - unstable angina
- STEMI
- NSTEMI |
| Unstable angina/STEMI/NSTEMI | - chest pain
- pain may radiate to arms, jaw, neck, upper back
- vomiting - nausea. - marked sweating
- shortness of breath
- pallor - clammy skin, cold to touch |
| Sickle cell crisis | - severe pain esp in joints
- dysnpoea. - jaundice
- pyrexia - hypotension
- tachycardia - altered LOC - dehydrated
- aggressiveness/frustration due to pain |
| 2 types of fracture | - open (compound)
- closed |
| Sprain | Injury to ligament. Partial or complete tear |
| Strain | Injury to muscle or tendons. Partial or complete tear. |
| Chemotherapy | - fatigue
- nausea/vomiting
- hair loss
- increased risk of infection
- sore mouth
- dry or itchy skin
- diarrhoea or constipation |
| Neutropenic sepsis | Potentially fatal complication of cancer treatment such as chemotherapy.
Suspect this in people who have had chemo therap in the last 6 weeks. |
| Radiotherapy | - fatigue
- sore, red, or darker than normal skin |
| Anaphylaxis | Flushed skin
Tachycardia
Chest tightness
Tongue and throat swelling
Wheeze
Hoarseness
Dyspnoea
Strider
Hypotension
Bronchospasm
Cyanosis
Circulatory collapse
Respiratory collapse
Distributive shock |
| Should you use an alcohol wipe before taking a BGL | No, it may affect the measurement. Use a wound cleansing wipe, or gauze. |
| Name the bones around the eye socket | Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Frontal bone |
| Alimentary canal | Digestive path from mouth to anus. |
| Hypertension | >140mmHg systolic or >90mmHg diastolic |
| Hypotension | <90mmHg systolic |
| Normal temperature range | 35.8 - 38.2 degrees celcius |
