Chapter 4
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice | show 🗑
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| Any object, event, or experience that causes of response | show 🗑
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| show | Response
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| Learning to make an in voluntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex | show 🗑
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| A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) respond | show 🗑
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| show | Unconditioned response (UCR)
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| show | Neutral stimulus (NS)
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| show | Conditioned stimulus (CS)
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| show | Conditioned response (CR)
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| show | Stimulus generalization
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| The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus | show 🗑
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| show | Extinction
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| show | Spontaneous recovery
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| show | Higher-order conditioning
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| Ed noticed that whenever he used his electric can opener, his cat would come into the kitchen and act hungry-drooling mewing pitiably. He reasoned that because he used the can opener to open the cat's food, the sound of the can opener had become a ______. | show 🗑
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| A conditioned response that briefly reappears after it has been extinguished is called ______. | show 🗑
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| The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called _______. | show 🗑
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| show | Conditioned emotional respons (CER)
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| Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person | show 🗑
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| Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association | show 🗑
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| show | Biological preparedness
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| show | Stimulus substitution
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| show | Cognitive perspective
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| In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the unconditioned stimulus was _______. | show 🗑
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| The face that the CS must come immediately before the UCS, and not after, is a problem for the ________ theory of why classical conditioning works. | show 🗑
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| Rescorla found that the CS must ______ the UCS for conditioning to take place. | show 🗑
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| The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses | show 🗑
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| Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated. | show 🗑
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| show | Operant
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| show | Reinforcement
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| Any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again | show 🗑
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| Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch | show 🗑
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| show | Secondary reinforcer
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| The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus | show 🗑
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| show | Negative reinforcement
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| ______ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ______ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. | show 🗑
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| The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction | show 🗑
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| show | Continuous reinforcement
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| show | Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
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| show | Variable interval schedule of reinforcement
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| show | Fixed ration schedule of reinforcement
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| show | Variable ration schedule of reinforcement
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| show | Punishment
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| show | Punishment by application
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| show | Punishment by removal
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| Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | Shaping
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| show | Successive approximations
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| show | Instinctive drift
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| show | Behavior modification
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| Types of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens | show 🗑
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| Modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response | show 🗑
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| Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control | show 🗑
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| show | Neurofeedback
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| Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful | show 🗑
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| The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly | show 🗑
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| show | Learned helplessness
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| show | Observational learning
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| show | Learning/performance distinction
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| show | the mental events that take place while a person is behaving
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