Pulmonary III - "DAD" & Obstructive Lung Disease
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| show | Diffuse alveolar and interstitial infiltrates in all lung fields. Radiographic characteristics overlaps with images of severe bilateral pneumonia or severe pulmonary edema.
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| show | Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)
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| show | Process is initiated by an insult to capillary endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells, which results in V/P shunting, atelectasis, pulmonary edema/hemorrhage, and hyaline membrane formation that impairs gas exchange leading to severe hypoxia.
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| Describe the relationship between pressure, alveolar radius, and surface tension | show 🗑
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| show | 25%
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| Favorable Prognostic Factors in ARDS | show 🗑
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| Indications for Mechanical Ventilation | show 🗑
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| show | It is a value used to help determine the cause of hypoxemia. Normal value < 5mmHg (ranges 5-20 mmHg). Increased A-a gradient suggests either (1) diffusion defect (2) V/Q(ventilation/perfusion) defect (3) right to left shunt.
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| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | show 🗑
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| show | Chronic Bronchitis
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| show | >0.4
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| Histological characteristics of chronic bronchitis | show 🗑
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| show | Chronic bronchitis patients.
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| show | Cor pulmonale
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| A lung pathology characterzied by abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchials, accompanied by destruction of the wall supporting those air spaces. | show 🗑
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| Etiology of chronic bronchitis | show 🗑
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| Histological findings of emphysema | show 🗑
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| (T or F) Severity of COPD is not dose-dependent | show 🗑
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| (T or F) History of recurrent childhood respiratory infection may contribute to COPD | show 🗑
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| show | Hereditary anti-protease enzyme deficiency
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| show | Autosomal recessive
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| show | Centrilobular distribution. Predominantly the upper lobes and apices.
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| show | Lower lobe
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| show | (1)Tobacco smoke particles are phagocytozed alveolar macrophages. (2) Neutrophils are recruited and elastases are released by neutrophils (3) Alpha1 antitrypsin is inactivated by oxidants and free radicals in tobacco smoke.
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| show | Antiprotease enzyme that inhibits actions of elastases released by neutrophils
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| show | Panlobular Distribution of emphysematous changes
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| A pattern of lung injury characterized as emphysematous changes limited to the distal acinus. Usually seen adjacent to scarring and fibrosis. Tends to localize subadjacent to the pleural, which can cause a spontaneous pneumothorax. | show 🗑
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| show | Irregular involvement of the acinus with scarring. Usually a complication of various inflammatory processes (TB or histoplasmosis). These findings are usually not clinically evident.
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| show | (1) Dec FEV1 (2) Dec Vmax (3) Dec MMEF
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| (T or F) Peptic ulceration is a complication of COPD | show 🗑
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| Lung disease characterized as wide spared narrowing of the bronchi and small airways which change in severity over short periods of time | show 🗑
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| show | Extrinsic type Asthma
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| A variant of asthma not associated with history of allergy. Begins at any age. Induced by psychogenic factors, cold, infection, or exercise. | show 🗑
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| Pathologic findings in Asthma | show 🗑
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| What are Charcot-Leyden Crystals? | show 🗑
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| show | Intrabronchial mucus plugs containing whorl-like accumulations of epithelial cells
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| show | Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
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| Most common patient population affected by Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | show 🗑
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| Symptoms of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | show 🗑
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| show | Patchy interstitial pneumonia with lymphoid infiltrate admixed with plasma cells and eosinophils. Scattered interstitial microgranulomas a giant cells.
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| show | Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
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| show | Patchy but temporally uniform filling of alveolar spaces and/or terminal bronchioles with loose fibromyxoid connective tissue plugs.
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| show | Steroids. >75% of patients respond to treatment.
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