Stasser's Learning and Cog Final Review
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| Top-down processing | is the kind of processing that draws heavily on our knowledge, expectations, and past experiences, as compared to the input information itself.
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| Bottom-up processing | refers to the processing of the actual environmental stimuli with that processing determined only by the nature of those stimuli (data) themselves.
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| The distinction between serial versus parallel processing | is whether two cognitive processes are performed one after the other (serial) or at the same time (parallel).
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| sensory memory | is the memory store very briefly that contains perceptual “copies” called icons or echoes
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| Sperling’s whole-report procedure for assessing memory underestimated its capacity because | information decayed before it could be reported
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| template matching | Matching environmental input with exact mental copies
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| feature analysis | Breaking a stimulus down into a set of defining cues and comparing that set to stored sets of defining cues
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| prototype | Ideal type surrounded by fuzzy boundaries
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| working memory | All of the information we are actively thinking about right now
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| Chunking | information more efficiently is the way to most easily get more information into your working memory.
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| The point of a distractor task such as counting backwards by threes before recall | is to prevent rehearsal
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| Declarative knowledge | (“knowing that”) consists of information that typically can be communicated verbally.
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| Procedural knowledge | (“knowing how”) is knowledge of how to perform cognitive or motor skills.
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| Episodic memory | is long-term retention of specific events in one’s life
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| declarative memory | is long-term retention of a specific fact or concept.
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| When you learn a skill such as keyboarding knowledge is | first declarative and then becomes procedural
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| The major difference between cognitive and behavioral explanations in psychology is | that cognitive scientists give more causal status to internal processes than do behavioral psychologists.
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| The cocktail party phenomenon is replicated in the laboratory by studies using | dichotic listening task.
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| A recall test is | a memory test where we must both generate the response and recognize that it is correct
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| Mnemonics | are strategies for more efficient encoding in memory
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| encoding specificity | The general principle that recall will in part be a function of the similarity of the context at encoding and retrieval
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| According to Loftus’ research, eyewitness memory | far less reliable than most people believe.
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| Most mnemonic techniques | improve memory by making items to be recalled more vivid or meaningful.
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| Surface structure | the organization that describes the sequences of phrases in a sentence as it is actually spoken.
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| Deep structure | the underlying structure that specifies the meaning of a sentence.
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| A morpheme | the smallest unit of language that has meaning.
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| Metacognition | knowledge, awareness, and the monitoring of one’s own cognitions.
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| Functional fixedness | the tendency to think of objects as functioning in a particular way and failing to perceive other ways the object might be useful.
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| Set effects | the persistence of an old strategy in a new situation and is demonstrated by the Luchins Water Jar Problem
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| Whorfian (or linguistic relativity) hypothesis | The idea that language leads us to perceive and think about the world in particular ways is called the
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| An example of support for the use of rules of grammar | the fact that children produce sentences which they have never heard is taken as.
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| Imitation | appears to be at best only a small part of language learning. Learning a language is very much a matter of learning the set of rules which governs the use of language.
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| Code-switching | concerns how bilinguals use their two languages in conversation. Without incurring additional time, bilinguals code switch as a means to maximize the way they convey the intended meaning of their utterances.
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| Phonemic restoration | refers to the tendency of a listener to “fill in” a missing phoneme while hearing sentences.
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| The primary function of pattern recognition | to add meaning to the sensory information
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| Backward masking studies have been very helpful in | establishing the duration of the sensory register.
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| The backward masking studies have been used to confirm | Sperling’s estimate of the duration of the sensory register
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| The primary problem for template theories of pattern recognition is | the requirement of a very rapid search through a large amount of information in long-term memory.
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| Geon | the structural component of structural theories
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| The major advantage of a feature theory of pattern recognition | the smaller (compared to template theory) amount of information needed to recognize large numbers of patterns
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| Studies of dichotic listening show that | nonshadowed material is processed for some meaning.
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| In the secondary task technique | capacity is measured by reaction time to the secondary task.
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| Capacity theory of attention argues | the number of tasks which can be performed simultaneously depends on the amount of capacity required by each task.
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| In proactive interference | previously learned material interferes with recall of more recently learned material
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| retroactive interference is | memory loss for previously learned information due to interference by recently learned information.
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| Harlow’s research on learning sets entailed | monkeys choosing between pairs of objects differing physically.
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| A language universal | a language feature true of all language users.
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| Holophrases | The single-word utterances of infants
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| For Chomsky, the language acquisition device is | an innate structure that predisposes humans to learning language.
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| self-efficacy | Bandura’s term to refer to the extent to which a person believes he or she can accomplish some behavioral task to produce desirable consequences.
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| nonsense syllables | Ebbinghaus, his stimulus materials in memory experiments because they contained no inherent meaning for him.
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| capacity of the short-term store | George Miller, demonstrated capcity to be approximately 7 items of information.
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| Optimal conditioning generally is found when | the CS slightly precedes the US
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| The Law of Effect states | that responses which are followed by rewards increase in strength.
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| trial and error | Thorndike, showed that animals seem to learn by trial and error
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| extinction | If a conditioned stimulus is presented by itself following conditioning, the response previously conditioned to it will decrease in strength.
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| Example of Discrimination | If stimulus A is followed by an unconditioned stimulus during training but stimulus B is not, subjects typically will learn to respond more to stimulus A.
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| Example of generalization | If a response is conditioned to a tone of 100OHz, it probably will occur also to a tone of 110OHz.
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| CER procedure | After exposing a rat to pairings of a tone with shock, an experimenter presents the tone for 3 minutes while the rat is pressing a bar to obtain food.
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| example of backward conditioning | Food is presented for three seconds, followed by a two-second tone.
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| example of trace conditioning | A CS is presented for 2 seconds, and 5 seconds after its termination food is
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| Elaborative processing | memory for material is improved the more elaborately it is processed.
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| Rehearsal represents a trade-off in short-term memory because | it extends the trace life but also requires capacity.
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| Learning may be defined as | a change in the capacity for behavior due to experience
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| unconditioned response | Salivation response to food in the mouth
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| unconditioned response | An innate, reliable response to a stimulus
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| conditioned stimulus | An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit responding as a result of conditioning
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| conditioned response (CR) | After a dog is exposed to pairings of a tone with food, it begins to salivate to the tone.
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| second-order conditioning | If a tone is paired with a light and then the light is paired with food, the tone will come to elicit salivation.
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| puzzle box | Thorndike’s apparatus used in research with cats
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