Psych Final2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| memory | retention of information over time
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| memory illusion | false but subjectively compelling memory
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| sensory memory | brief storage of perceptual information
before it is passed to short-term memory
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| iconic memory | visual sensory memory
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| echoic memory | auditory sensory memory
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| short-term memory | memory system that retains information for
limited durations
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| decay | fading of information from memory over
time
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| interference | loss of information from memory because of
competition from additional incoming
information
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| retroactive interference | interference with retention of old information
due to acquisition of new information
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| proactive interference | interference with acquisition of new information
due to previous learning of information
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| Magic Number | the span of short-term memory, according to
George Miller: seven plus or minus two
pieces of information
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| chunking | organizing information into meaningful groupings,
allowing us to extend the span of shortterm
memory
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| rehearsal | repeating information to extend the duration
of retention in short-term memory
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| maintenance rehearsal | repeating stimuli in their original form to retain
them in short-term memory
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| elaborative rehearsal | linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful
way to improve retention of information in
short-term memory
them in short-term memory
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| levels of processing | depth of transforming information, which influences
how easily we remember it
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| long-term memory | relatively enduring (from minutes to years)
retention of information stored regarding our
facts, experiences, and skills
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| permastore | type of long-term memory that appears to
be permanent
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| primacy effect | tendency to remember words at the beginning
of a list especially well
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| recency effect | tendency to remember words at the end of a
list especially well
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| semantic memory | our knowledge of facts about the world
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| episodic memory | recollection of events in our lives
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| explicit memory | memories we recall intentionally and of which
we have conscious awareness
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| implicit memory | memories we don’t deliberately remember
or reflect on consciously
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| serial position curve | graph depicting both primacy and recency effects
on people’s ability to recall items on a list
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| procedural memory | memory for how to do things, including
motor skills and habits
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| priming | our ability to identify a stimulus more easily
or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar
stimuli
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| encoding | process of getting information into our memory
banks
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| mnemonic | a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances
recall
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| schema | a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances
recall
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| storage | process of keeping information in memory
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| retrieval | reactivation or reconstruction of experiences
from our memory stores
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| recall | generating previously remembered
information
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| recognition | selecting previously remembered information
from an array of options
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| relearning | reacquiring knowledge that we’d previously
learned but largely forgotten over time
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| retrieval cue | hint that makes it easier for us to recall
information
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| distributed versus massed practice | studying information in small increments over
time (distributed) versus in large increments
over a brief amount of time (massed)
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| state-dependent learning | superior retrieval of memories when the organism
is in the same physiological or psychological
state as it was during encoding
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| context-dependent learning | superior retrieval of memories when the external
context of the original memories
matches the retrieval context
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| encoding specificity | phenomenon of remembering something
better when the conditions under which we
retrieve information are similar to the conditions
under which we encoded it
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| tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon | experience of knowing that we know something
but being unable to access it
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| long-term potentiation (LTP) | gradual strengthening of the connections
among neurons from repetitive stimulation
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| retrograde amnesia | loss of memories from our past
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| anterograde amnesia | inability to encode new memories from our
experiences
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| meta-memory | knowledge about our own memory abilities
and limitations
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| infantile amnesia | inability of adults to remember personal experiences
that took place before an early age
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| flashbulb memory | emotional memory that is extraordinarily
vivid and detailed
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| source monitoring confusion | lack of clarity about the origin of a memory
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| cryptomnesia | failure to recognize that our ideas originated
with someone else
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| suggestive memory technique | procedure that encourages patients to recall
memories that may or may not have taken
place
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| misinformation effect | creation of fictitious memories by providing
misleading information about an event after
it takes place
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| intelligence test | diagnostic tool designed to measure overall
thinking ability
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| abstract thinking | capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
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| g (general intelligence) | hypothetical factor that accounts for overall
differences in intellect among people
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| fluid intelligence | capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
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| crystallized intelligence | accumulated knowledge of the world
acquired over time
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| s (specific abilities) | particular ability level in a narrow domain
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| triarchic model | model of intelligence proposed by Robert
Sternberg positing three distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative
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| multiple intelligences | multiple intelligences
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| Stanford-Binet IQ test | intelligence test based on the measure developed
by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis
Terman of Stanford University
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| intelligence quotient (IQ) | systematic means of quantifying differences
among people in their intelligence
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| mental age | age corresponding to the average individual’s
performance on an intelligence test
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| deviation IQ | expression of a person’s IQ relative to his or
her same-aged peers
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| eugenics | movement in the early twentieth century to
improve a population’s genetic stock by encouraging
those with good genes to reproduce,
preventing those with bad genes from
reproducing, or both
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| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | most widely used intelligence test for adults
today, consisting of 15 subtests to assess different
types of mental abilities
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| culture-fair IQ test | abstract reasoning measure that doesn’t
depend on language and is often believed to
be less influenced by cultural factors than
other IQ tests
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| bell curve | distribution of scores in which the bulk of the
scores fall toward the middle, with progressively
fewer scores toward the “tails” or extremes
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| mental retardation | condition characterized by an onset prior to
adulthood, an IQ below about 70, and an inability
to engage in adequate daily functioning
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| Flynn effect | finding that average IQ scores have been rising
at a rate of approximately three points
per decade
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| within-group heritability | extent to which the variability of a trait within
a group is genetically influenced
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| between-group heritability | extent to which differences in a trait between
groups is genetically influenced
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| test bias | tendency of a test to predict outcomes better
in one group than another
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| stereotype threat | fear that we may confirm a negative group
stereotype
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| divergent thinking | capacity to generate many different solutions
to a problem
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| convergent thinking | capacity to generate the single best solution
to a problem
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| emotional intelligence | ability to understand our own emotions and
those of others, and to apply this information
to our daily lives
(a)
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| wisdom | application of intelligence toward a common
good
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| ideological immune system | our psychological defenses against evidence
that contradicts our views
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| emotion | mental state or feeling associated with our
evaluation of our experiences
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| discrete emotions theory | theory that humans experience a small number
of distinct emotions that are rooted in
our biology
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| primary emotions | small number (perhaps seven) of emotions
believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally
universal
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| display rules | cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to
express emotions
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| cognitive theories of emotion | theories proposing that emotions are products
of thinking
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| James-Lange theory of emotion | theory proposing that emotions result from
our interpretations of our bodily reactions to
stimuli
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| somatic marker theory | theory proposing that we use our “gut
reactions” to help us determine how we
should act
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| Cannon-Bard theory | theory proposing that an emotion-provoking
event leads simultaneously to an emotion and
to bodily reactions
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| two-factor theory | theory proposing that emotions are produced
by an undifferentiated state of arousal
along with an attribution (explanation) of that
arousal
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| mere exposure effect | phenomenon in which repeated exposure to
a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably
toward it
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| facial feedback hypothesis | theory that blood vessels in the face feed
back temperature information in the brain,
altering our experience of emotions
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| nonverbal leakagenonverbal leakage | unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal
behavior
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| proxemics | study of personal space
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| Pinocchio response | supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral
indicator of lying
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| guilty knowledge test (GKT) | alternative to the polygraph test that relies on
the premise that criminals harbor concealed
knowledge about the crime that innocent
people don’t
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| integrity test | questionnaire that presumably assesses
workers’ tendency to steal or cheat
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| positive psychology | discipline that has sought to emphasize
human strengths
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| defensive pessimism | strategy of anticipating failure and compensating
for this expectation by mentally overpreparing
for negative outcomes
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| broaden and build theory | theory proposing that happiness predisposes
us to think more openly
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| positivity effect | tendency for people to remember more positive
than negative information with age
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| affective forecasting | ability to predict our own and others’ happiness
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| durability bias | belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do
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| hedonic treadmill | tendency for our moods to adapt to external
circumstances
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| self-esteem | evaluation of our worth
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| positive illusions | tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably
than others do
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| motivation | psychological drives that propel us in a specific
direction
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| drive reduction theory | theory proposing that certain drives, like
hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate
us to act in ways that minimize aversive states
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| homeostasis | equilibrium
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| Yerkes-Dodson law | inverted U-shaped relation between arousal
on the one hand, and mood and performance
on the other
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| incentive theories | theories proposing that we’re often motivated
by positive goals
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| hierarchy of needs | model, developed by Abraham Maslow,
proposing that we must satisfy physiological
needs and needs for safety and security before
progressing to more complex needs
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| glucostatic theory | theory that when our blood glucose levels
drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore
the proper level of glucose
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| leptin | hormone that signals the hypothalamus and
brain stem to reduce appetite and increase
the amount of energy used
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and
brain stem to reduce appetite and increase
the amount of energy used
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| set point | value that establishes a range of body and
muscle mass we tend to maintain
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| internal–external theory | theory holding that obese people are motivated
to eat more by external cues than
internal cues
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| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder associated with a pattern of
bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or
maintain weight
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| anorexia nervosa | eating disorder associated with excessive
weight loss and the irrational perception that
one is overweight
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| excitement phase | phase in human sexual response in which
people experience sexual pleasure and notice
physiological changes associated with it
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| orgasm (climax) phase | phase in human sexual response marked by
involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles
of genitals in both men and women
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| resolution phase | phase in human sexual response following
orgasm, in which people report relaxation
and a sense of well-being
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| plateau phase | phase in human sexual response in which sexual
tension builds
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| proximity | physical nearness, a predictor of attraction
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| similarity | extent to which we have things in common
with others, a predictor of attraction
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| reciprocity | rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction
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| passionate love | love marked by powerful, even overwhelming,
longing for one’s partner
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| companionate love | love marked by a sense of deep friendship
and fondness for one’s partner
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| social psychology | study of how people influence others’ behavior,
beliefs, and attitudes
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| social comparison theory | theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities
and beliefs by comparing them with those of
others
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| mass hysteria | outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread
by social contagion
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| social facilitation | enhancement of performance brought about
by the presence of others
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| attribution | process of assigning causes to behavior
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| fundamental attribution error | tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional
influences on other people’s behavior
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| conformity | tendency of people to alter their behavior as
a result of group pressure
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| deindividuation | tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic
behavior when they are stripped of their
usual identities
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| groupthink | groupthink
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| group polarization | tendency of group discussion to strengthen
the dominant positions held by individual
group members
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| inoculation effect | approach to convincing people to change
their minds about something by first introducing
reasons why the perspective might be
correct and then debunking them
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| cult | group of individuals who exhibit intense and
unquestioning devotion to a single cause
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| obedience | adherence to instructions from those of
higher authority
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| pluralistic ignorance | error of assuming that no one in a group perceives
things as we do
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| diffusion of responsibility | reduction in feelings of personal responsibility
in the presence of others
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| social loafing | phenomenon whereby individuals become
less productive in groups
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| altruism | helping others for unselfish reasons
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| aggression | behavior intended to harm others, either
verbally or physically
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| enlightenment effect | learning about psychological research can
change real-world behavior for the better
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| relational aggression | form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls,
involving spreading rumors, gossiping, and
nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social
manipulation
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| self-monitoring | personality trait that assesses the extent to
which people’s behavior reflects their true
feelings and attitudes
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| cognitive dissonance | unpleasant mental experience of tension
resulting from two conflicting thoughts or
beliefs
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| self-perception theory | theory that we acquire our attitudes by
observing our behaviors
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| impression management theory | theory that we don’t really change our attitudes,
but report that we have so that our behaviors
appear consistent with our attitudes
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| foot-in-the-door technique | persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably
large request before making the
small request we’re hoping to have granted
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| low-ball technique | persuasive technique in which the seller of a
product starts by quoting a low sales price,
and then mentions all of the “add-on” costs
once the customer has agreed to purchase
the product
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| prejudice | drawing negative conclusions about a person,
group of people, or situation prior to evaluating
the evidence
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| stereotype | a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics
of members of a group that is applied
generally to most members of the group
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| adaptive conservatism | evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition
toward distrusting anything or anyone
unfamiliar or different
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| in-group bias | tendency to favor individuals within our
group over those from outside our group
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| out-group homogeneity | tendency to view all individuals outside our
group as highly similar
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| discrimination | negative behavior toward members of outgroups
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| scapegoat hypothesis | claim that prejudice arises from a need to
blame other groups for our misfortunes
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| just-world hypothesis | claim that our attributions and behaviors are
shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the
world is fair and all things happen for a reason
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| explicit prejudice | unfounded negative belief of which we’re
aware regarding the characteristics of an
out-group
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| implicit prejudice | unfounded negative belief of which we’re unaware
regarding the characteristics of an outgroup
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| jigsaw classroom | educational approach designed to minimize
prejudice by requiring all children to make independent
contributions to a shared project
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| personality | people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, and
behaving
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| nomothetic approach | approach to personality that focuses on identifying
general laws that govern the behavior
of all individuals
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| idiographic approach | approach to personality that focuses on identifying
the unique configuration of characteristics
and life history experiences within a
person
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| trait | relatively enduring predisposition that influences
our behavior across many situations
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| molecular genetic study | investigation that allows researchers to
pinpoint genes associated with specific
personality traits
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| psychic determinism | the assumption that all psychological events
have a cause
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| id | reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including
sex and aggression
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| pleasure principle | tendency of the id to strive for immediate
gratification
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| ego | psyche’s executive and principal decision
maker
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| reality principle | tendency of the ego to postpone gratification
until it can find an appropriate outlet
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| superego | our sense of morality
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| defense mechanisms | unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize
anxiety
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| repression | motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening
memories or impulses
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| denial | motivated forgetting of distressing external
experiences
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| regression | the act of returning psychologically to a
younger, and typically simpler and safer, age
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| reaction-formation | transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion
into its opposite
projection
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| phallic stage | psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals
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| Oedipus complex | conflict during phallic stage in which boys
supposedly love their mothers romantically
and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals
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| Electra complex | conflict during phallic stage in which girls
supposedly love their fathers romantically and
want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
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| latency stage | psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses
are submerged into the unconscious
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| genital stage | psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses
awaken and typically begin to mature into
romantic attraction toward others
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| sublimation | transforming a socially unacceptable impulse
into an admired goal
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| erogenous zone | sexually arousing zone of the body
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| oral stage | psychosexual stage that focuses on the
mouth
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| anal stage | psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet
training
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| displacement | directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable
target onto a safer and more socially acceptable
target
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| rationalization | providing a reasonable-sounding explanation
for unreasonable behaviors or for failures
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| identification with the aggressor | process of adopting the characteristics of
individuals we find threatening
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| neo-Freudian theories | theories derived from Freud’s model, but that
placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving
force in personality and were more optimistic
regarding the prospects for long-term personality
growth
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| style of life | according to Adler, each person’s distinctive
way of achieving superiority
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| collective unconscious | according to Jung, our shared storehouse of
memories that ancestors have passed down
to us across generations
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| archetype | cross-culturally universal symbols
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| inferiority complex | feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to
overcompensation for such feelings
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| social learning theorists | theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause
of personality
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| reciprocal determinism | tendency for people to mutually influence
each other's behavior
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| locus of control | extent to which people believe that reinforcers
and punishers lie inside or outside of
their control
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| self-actualization | drive to develop our innate potential to the
fullest possible extent
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| conditions of worth | according to Rogers, expectations we place
on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate
behavior
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| incongruence | inconsistency between our personalities and
innate dispositions
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| peak experience | transcendent moment of intense excitement
and tranquility marked by a profound sense
of connection to the world
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| factor analysis | statistical technique that analyzes the correlations
among responses on personality inventories
and other measures
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| lexical approach | approach proposing that the most crucial features
of personality are embedded in our language
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| Big Five | five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor
analyses of personality measures
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| structured personality test | paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions
that respondents answer in one of a few
fixed ways
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | widely used structured personality test designed
to assess symptoms of mental disorders
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| empirical method of test construction | approach to building tests in which researchers
begin with two or more criterion
groups, and examine which items best distinguish
them
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| face validity | extent to which respondents can tell what
the items are measuring
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| rational/theoretical method of test construction | approach to building tests that requires test
developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization
of a trait and then write items to
assess that conceptualization
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| projective test | test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees
must interpret or make sense of
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| projective hypothesis | hypothesis that in the process of interpreting
ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects
of their personality onto the stimulus
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| Rorschach Inkblot Test | projective test consisting of ten symmetrical
inkblots
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| incremental validity | extent to which a test contributes information
beyond other, more easily collected,
measures
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | projective test requiring examinees to tell a
story in response to ambiguous pictures
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| graphology | psychological interpretation of handwriting
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| P.T. Barnum effect | tendency of people to accept high base rate
descriptions as accurate
🗑
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| demonic model | view of mental illness in which odd behavior,
hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed
to evil spirits infesting the body
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| medical model | view of mental illness as due to a physical
disorder requiring medical treatment
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| asylum | institution for people with mental illnesses
created in the 15th century
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| moral treatment | approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness,
and respect for those with mental illness
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| deinstitutionalization | 1960s and 1970s governmental policy that
focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric
patients into the community and closing mental
hospitals
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| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) | diagnostic system containing the American
Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for
mental disorders
🗑
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| labeling theorists | scholars who argues that psychiatric diagnoses
exert powerful negative effects on
people’s perceptions and behaviors
🗑
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| axis | dimension of functioning
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| prevalence | percentage of people within a population
who have a specific mental disorder
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| comorbidity | co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses
within the same person
🗑
|
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| categorical model | model in which a mental disorder differs from
normal functioning in kind rather than degree
🗑
|
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| dimensional model | model in which a mental disorder differs from
normal functioning in degree rather than kind
🗑
|
||||
| insanity defense | legal defense proposing that people shouldn’t
be held legally responsible for their actions if
they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing
them
🗑
|
||||
| involuntary commitment | procedure of placing some people with mental
illnesses in a psychiatric hospital or other
facility based on their potential danger to
themselves or others, or their inability to care
for themselves
🗑
|
||||
| somatoform disorder | condition marked by physical symptoms that
suggest an underlying medical illness, but that
are actually psychological in origin
🗑
|
||||
| hypochondriasis | an individual’s continual preoccupation with the
notion that he has a serious physical disease
🗑
|
||||
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical
tension, and irritability across many areas of
life functioning
🗑
|
||||
| panic attack | brief, intense episode of fear characterized
by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness,
racing heartbeat, going crazy
Symptoms include a pounding
or racing heart, shortness of breath, and
faintness or dizziness.
🗑
|
||||
| phobia | intense fear of an object or situation that’s
greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
🗑
|
||||
| panic disorder | repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along
with either persistent concerns about future
attacks or a change in personal behavior in an
attempt to avoid them
🗑
|
||||
| agoraphobia | fear of being in a place or situation from
which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or
in which help is unavailable in the event of a
panic attack
🗑
|
||||
| specific phobia | intense fear of objects, places, or situations
that is greatly out of proportion to their
actual threat
🗑
|
||||
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | marked emotional disturbance after experiencing
or witnessing a severely stressful event
🗑
|
||||
| social phobia | marked fear of public appearances in which
embarrassment or humiliation seems likely
🗑
|
||||
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | condition marked by repeated and lengthy
(at least one hour per day) immersion in
obsessions, compulsions, or both
🗑
|
||||
| obsession | persistent idea, thought, or impulse that is
unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked
distress
🗑
|
||||
| compulsion | repetitive behavior or mental act performed
to reduce or prevent stress
🗑
|
||||
| anxiety sensitivity | fear of anxiety-related sensations
🗑
|
||||
| major depressive episode | state in which a person experiences a lingering
depressed mood or diminished interest in
pleasurable activities, along with symptoms
that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
🗑
|
||||
| cognitive model of depression | theory that depression is caused by negative
beliefs and expectations
🗑
|
||||
| learned helplessness | tendency to feel helpless in the face of events
we can’t control
🗑
|
||||
| manic episode | experience marked by dramatically elevated
mood, decreased need for sleep, increased
energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness,
and irresponsible behavior
🗑
|
||||
| bipolar disorder | condition marked by a history of at least one
manic episode
🗑
|
||||
| personality disorder | condition in which personality traits, appearing
first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable,
expressed in a wide variety of situations, and
lead to distress or impairment
🗑
|
||||
| borderline personality disorder | condition marked by extreme instability in
mood, identity, and impulse control
🗑
|
||||
| psychopathic personality | condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty,
manipulativeness, self-centeredness,and risk taking
🗑
|
||||
| antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) | condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible
and/or illegal actions
🗑
|
||||
| No idea what the original word is... it exists okay, this shit is all made up anyway. | sudden, unexpected travel away from home
or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia
for significant life events
🗑
|
||||
| dissociative amnesia | inability to recall important personal information—
most often related to a stressful experience—
that can’t be explained by ordinary
forgetfulness
🗑
|
||||
| dissociative disorder | condition involving disruptions in consciousness,
memory, identity, or perception
🗑
|
||||
| depersonalization disorder | condition marked by multiple episodes of
depersonalization
🗑
|
||||
| dissociative identity disorder (DID) | condition characterized by the presence of
two or more distinct identities or personality
states that recurrently take control of the
person’s behavior
🗑
|
||||
| schizophrenia | severe disorder of thought and emotion associated
with a loss of contact with reality
🗑
|
||||
| delusion | strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis
in reality
🗑
|
||||
| psychotic symptom | psychological problem reflecting serious
distortions in reality
🗑
|
||||
| hallucination | sensory perception that occurs in the absence
of an external stimulus
🗑
|
||||
| catatonic symptom | motor problem, including extreme resistance
to complying with simple suggestions, holding
the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling
up in a fetal position
🗑
|
||||
| diathesis-stress model | perspective proposing that mental disorders
are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability,
called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger
this vulnerability
🗑
|
||||
| autistic disorder | disorder (also known as autism) marked by
severe deficits in language, social bonding, and
imagination, usually accompanied by mental
retardation
🗑
|
||||
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | childhood condition marked by excessive
inattention, impulsivity, and activity
🗑
|
||||
| psychotherapy | a psychological intervention designed to help
people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal
problems and improve the quality
of their lives
🗑
|
||||
| paraprofessional | person with no professional training who provides
mental health services
🗑
|
||||
| insight therapies | psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic,
and group approaches, with the goal
of expanding awareness or insight
🗑
|
||||
| free association | technique in which clients express themselves
without censorship of any sort
🗑
|
||||
| resistance | attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety
associated with uncovering previously repressed
thoughts, emotions, and impulses
🗑
|
||||
| transference | projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations
from the past onto the therapist
🗑
|
||||
| interpersonal therapy (IPT) | treatment that strengthens social skills and
targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and
life transitions
🗑
|
||||
| humanistic therapies | therapies that emphasize the development
of human potential and the belief that human
nature is basically positive
🗑
|
||||
| person-centered therapy | therapy centering on the client’s goals and
ways of solving problems
🗑
|
||||
| Gestalt therapy | therapy that aims to integrate different and
sometimes opposing aspects of personality
into a unified sense of self
🗑
|
||||
| group therapy | therapy that treats more than one person at
a time
🗑
|
||||
| Alcoholics Anonymous | Twelve-Step, self-help program that provides
social support for achieving sobriety
🗑
|
||||
| structural family therapy | treatment in which therapists deeply involve
themselves in family activities to change how
family members arrange and organize
interactions
🗑
|
||||
| strategic family intervention | family therapy approach designed to remove
barriers to effective communication
🗑
|
||||
| exposure therapy | therapy that confronts clients with what they
fear with the goal of reducing the fear
🗑
|
||||
| behavior therapist | therapist who focuses on specific problem
behaviors, and current variables that maintain
problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
🗑
|
||||
| systematic desensitization | clients are taught to relax as they are gradually
exposed to what they fear in a stepwise
manner
🗑
|
||||
| dismantling | research procedure for examining the effectiveness
of isolated components of a larger
treatment
🗑
|
||||
| response prevention | technique in which therapists prevent clients
from performing their typical avoidance
behaviors
🗑
|
||||
| participant modeling | technique in which the therapist first models
a problematic situation and then guides the
client through steps to cope with it unassisted
🗑
|
||||
| token economy | method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded
with tokens that clients can exchange
for tangible rewards
🗑
|
||||
| aversion therapy | treatment that uses punishment to decrease
the frequency of undesirable behaviors
🗑
|
||||
| cognitive-behavioral therapies | treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive
or irrational cognitions with more adaptive,
rational cognitions
🗑
|
||||
| meta-analysis | statistical method that helps researchers to interpret
large bodies of psychological literature
🗑
|
||||
| empirically supported treatment (EST) | intervention for specific disorders supported
by high-quality scientific evidence
🗑
|
||||
| psychopharmacotherapy | use of medications to treat psychological
problems
🗑
|
||||
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | patients receive brief electrical pulses to the
brain that produce a seizure to treat serious
psychological problems
🗑
|
||||
| psychosurgery | psychosurgery
🗑
|
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