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Psych Final2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| memory | retention of information over time |
| memory illusion | false but subjectively compelling memory |
| sensory memory | brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory |
| iconic memory | visual sensory memory |
| echoic memory | auditory sensory memory |
| short-term memory | memory system that retains information for limited durations |
| decay | fading of information from memory over time |
| interference | loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information |
| retroactive interference | interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information |
| proactive interference | interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information |
| Magic Number | the span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: seven plus or minus two pieces of information |
| chunking | organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of shortterm memory |
| rehearsal | repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory |
| maintenance rehearsal | repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory |
| elaborative rehearsal | linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory them in short-term memory |
| levels of processing | depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it |
| long-term memory | relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills |
| permastore | type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent |
| primacy effect | tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well |
| recency effect | tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well |
| semantic memory | our knowledge of facts about the world |
| episodic memory | recollection of events in our lives |
| explicit memory | memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness |
| implicit memory | memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously |
| serial position curve | graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people’s ability to recall items on a list |
| procedural memory | memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits |
| priming | our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli |
| encoding | process of getting information into our memory banks |
| mnemonic | a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall |
| schema | a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall |
| storage | process of keeping information in memory |
| retrieval | reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores |
| recall | generating previously remembered information |
| recognition | selecting previously remembered information from an array of options |
| relearning | reacquiring knowledge that we’d previously learned but largely forgotten over time |
| retrieval cue | hint that makes it easier for us to recall information |
| distributed versus massed practice | studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed) |
| state-dependent learning | superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding |
| context-dependent learning | superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context |
| encoding specificity | phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it |
| tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon | experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation |
| retrograde amnesia | loss of memories from our past |
| anterograde amnesia | inability to encode new memories from our experiences |
| meta-memory | knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations |
| infantile amnesia | inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age |
| flashbulb memory | emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed |
| source monitoring confusion | lack of clarity about the origin of a memory |
| cryptomnesia | failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else |
| suggestive memory technique | procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place |
| misinformation effect | creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place |
| intelligence test | diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability |
| abstract thinking | capacity to understand hypothetical concepts |
| g (general intelligence) | hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people |
| fluid intelligence | capacity to learn new ways of solving problems |
| crystallized intelligence | accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time |
| s (specific abilities) | particular ability level in a narrow domain |
| triarchic model | model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing three distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative |
| multiple intelligences | multiple intelligences |
| Stanford-Binet IQ test | intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University |
| intelligence quotient (IQ) | systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence |
| mental age | age corresponding to the average individual’s performance on an intelligence test |
| deviation IQ | expression of a person’s IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers |
| eugenics | movement in the early twentieth century to improve a population’s genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, preventing those with bad genes from reproducing, or both |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | most widely used intelligence test for adults today, consisting of 15 subtests to assess different types of mental abilities |
| culture-fair IQ test | abstract reasoning measure that doesn’t depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests |
| bell curve | distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall toward the middle, with progressively fewer scores toward the “tails” or extremes |
| mental retardation | condition characterized by an onset prior to adulthood, an IQ below about 70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning |
| Flynn effect | finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately three points per decade |
| within-group heritability | extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced |
| between-group heritability | extent to which differences in a trait between groups is genetically influenced |
| test bias | tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another |
| stereotype threat | fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype |
| divergent thinking | capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem |
| convergent thinking | capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem |
| emotional intelligence | ability to understand our own emotions and those of others, and to apply this information to our daily lives (a) |
| wisdom | application of intelligence toward a common good |
| ideological immune system | our psychological defenses against evidence that contradicts our views |
| emotion | mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences |
| discrete emotions theory | theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology |
| primary emotions | small number (perhaps seven) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal |
| display rules | cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions |
| cognitive theories of emotion | theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking |
| James-Lange theory of emotion | theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli |
| somatic marker theory | theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions” to help us determine how we should act |
| Cannon-Bard theory | theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions |
| two-factor theory | theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal |
| mere exposure effect | phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it |
| facial feedback hypothesis | theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions |
| nonverbal leakagenonverbal leakage | unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior |
| proxemics | study of personal space |
| Pinocchio response | supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying |
| guilty knowledge test (GKT) | alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don’t |
| integrity test | questionnaire that presumably assesses workers’ tendency to steal or cheat |
| positive psychology | discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths |
| defensive pessimism | strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes |
| broaden and build theory | theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly |
| positivity effect | tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age |
| affective forecasting | ability to predict our own and others’ happiness |
| durability bias | belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do |
| hedonic treadmill | tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances |
| self-esteem | evaluation of our worth |
| positive illusions | tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do |
| motivation | psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction |
| drive reduction theory | theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states |
| homeostasis | equilibrium |
| Yerkes-Dodson law | inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand, and mood and performance on the other |
| incentive theories | theories proposing that we’re often motivated by positive goals |
| hierarchy of needs | model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs |
| glucostatic theory | theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose |
| leptin | hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used |
| set point | value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain |
| internal–external theory | theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues |
| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight |
| anorexia nervosa | eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight |
| excitement phase | phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it |
| orgasm (climax) phase | phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women |
| resolution phase | phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being |
| plateau phase | phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds |
| proximity | physical nearness, a predictor of attraction |
| similarity | extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction |
| reciprocity | rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction |
| passionate love | love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one’s partner |
| companionate love | love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one’s partner |
| social psychology | study of how people influence others’ behavior, beliefs, and attitudes |
| social comparison theory | theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others |
| mass hysteria | outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion |
| social facilitation | enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others |
| attribution | process of assigning causes to behavior |
| fundamental attribution error | tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people’s behavior |
| conformity | tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure |
| deindividuation | tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities |
| groupthink | groupthink |
| group polarization | tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members |
| inoculation effect | approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking them |
| cult | group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause |
| obedience | adherence to instructions from those of higher authority |
| pluralistic ignorance | error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do |
| diffusion of responsibility | reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others |
| social loafing | phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups |
| altruism | helping others for unselfish reasons |
| aggression | behavior intended to harm others, either verbally or physically |
| enlightenment effect | learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better |
| relational aggression | form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumors, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation |
| self-monitoring | personality trait that assesses the extent to which people’s behavior reflects their true feelings and attitudes |
| cognitive dissonance | unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs |
| self-perception theory | theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors |
| impression management theory | theory that we don’t really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviors appear consistent with our attitudes |
| foot-in-the-door technique | persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we’re hoping to have granted |
| low-ball technique | persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the “add-on” costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product |
| prejudice | drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence |
| stereotype | a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group |
| adaptive conservatism | evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different |
| in-group bias | tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group |
| out-group homogeneity | tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar |
| discrimination | negative behavior toward members of outgroups |
| scapegoat hypothesis | claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes |
| just-world hypothesis | claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason |
| explicit prejudice | unfounded negative belief of which we’re aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group |
| implicit prejudice | unfounded negative belief of which we’re unaware regarding the characteristics of an outgroup |
| jigsaw classroom | educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project |
| personality | people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving |
| nomothetic approach | approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals |
| idiographic approach | approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person |
| trait | relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behavior across many situations |
| molecular genetic study | investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits |
| psychic determinism | the assumption that all psychological events have a cause |
| id | reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression |
| pleasure principle | tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification |
| ego | psyche’s executive and principal decision maker |
| reality principle | tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet |
| superego | our sense of morality |
| defense mechanisms | unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety |
| repression | motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses |
| denial | motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences |
| regression | the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer, age |
| reaction-formation | transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite projection |
| phallic stage | psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals |
| Oedipus complex | conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals |
| Electra complex | conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals |
| latency stage | psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious |
| genital stage | psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others |
| sublimation | transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal |
| erogenous zone | sexually arousing zone of the body |
| oral stage | psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth |
| anal stage | psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training |
| displacement | directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target |
| rationalization | providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or for failures |
| identification with the aggressor | process of adopting the characteristics of individuals we find threatening |
| neo-Freudian theories | theories derived from Freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth |
| style of life | according to Adler, each person’s distinctive way of achieving superiority |
| collective unconscious | according to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations |
| archetype | cross-culturally universal symbols |
| inferiority complex | feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings |
| social learning theorists | theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality |
| reciprocal determinism | tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behavior |
| locus of control | extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control |
| self-actualization | drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent |
| conditions of worth | according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior |
| incongruence | inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions |
| peak experience | transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world |
| factor analysis | statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures |
| lexical approach | approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language |
| Big Five | five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures |
| structured personality test | paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders |
| empirical method of test construction | approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them |
| face validity | extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring |
| rational/theoretical method of test construction | approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization |
| projective test | test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of |
| projective hypothesis | hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus |
| Rorschach Inkblot Test | projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots |
| incremental validity | extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measures |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures |
| graphology | psychological interpretation of handwriting |
| P.T. Barnum effect | tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate |
| demonic model | view of mental illness in which odd behavior, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body |
| medical model | view of mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment |
| asylum | institution for people with mental illnesses created in the 15th century |
| moral treatment | approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness |
| deinstitutionalization | 1960s and 1970s governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) | diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders |
| labeling theorists | scholars who argues that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviors |
| axis | dimension of functioning |
| prevalence | percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder |
| comorbidity | co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person |
| categorical model | model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree |
| dimensional model | model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind |
| insanity defense | legal defense proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them |
| involuntary commitment | procedure of placing some people with mental illnesses in a psychiatric hospital or other facility based on their potential danger to themselves or others, or their inability to care for themselves |
| somatoform disorder | condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin |
| hypochondriasis | an individual’s continual preoccupation with the notion that he has a serious physical disease |
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning |
| panic attack | brief, intense episode of fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, going crazy Symptoms include a pounding or racing heart, shortness of breath, and faintness or dizziness. |
| phobia | intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat |
| panic disorder | repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them |
| agoraphobia | fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack |
| specific phobia | intense fear of objects, places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat |
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event |
| social phobia | marked fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation seems likely |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both |
| obsession | persistent idea, thought, or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress |
| compulsion | repetitive behavior or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress |
| anxiety sensitivity | fear of anxiety-related sensations |
| major depressive episode | state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties |
| cognitive model of depression | theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations |
| learned helplessness | tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control |
| manic episode | experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior |
| bipolar disorder | condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode |
| personality disorder | condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress or impairment |
| borderline personality disorder | condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control |
| psychopathic personality | condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness,and risk taking |
| antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) | condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions |
| No idea what the original word is... it exists okay, this shit is all made up anyway. | sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events |
| dissociative amnesia | inability to recall important personal information— most often related to a stressful experience— that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness |
| dissociative disorder | condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception |
| depersonalization disorder | condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization |
| dissociative identity disorder (DID) | condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behavior |
| schizophrenia | severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality |
| delusion | strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality |
| psychotic symptom | psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality |
| hallucination | sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus |
| catatonic symptom | motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position |
| diathesis-stress model | perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability |
| autistic disorder | disorder (also known as autism) marked by severe deficits in language, social bonding, and imagination, usually accompanied by mental retardation |
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity, and activity |
| psychotherapy | a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives |
| paraprofessional | person with no professional training who provides mental health services |
| insight therapies | psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic, and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight |
| free association | technique in which clients express themselves without censorship of any sort |
| resistance | attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses |
| transference | projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist |
| interpersonal therapy (IPT) | treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions |
| humanistic therapies | therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive |
| person-centered therapy | therapy centering on the client’s goals and ways of solving problems |
| Gestalt therapy | therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self |
| group therapy | therapy that treats more than one person at a time |
| Alcoholics Anonymous | Twelve-Step, self-help program that provides social support for achieving sobriety |
| structural family therapy | treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions |
| strategic family intervention | family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication |
| exposure therapy | therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear |
| behavior therapist | therapist who focuses on specific problem behaviors, and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
| systematic desensitization | clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner |
| dismantling | research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment |
| response prevention | technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors |
| participant modeling | technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted |
| token economy | method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards |
| aversion therapy | treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors |
| cognitive-behavioral therapies | treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions |
| meta-analysis | statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature |
| empirically supported treatment (EST) | intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence |
| psychopharmacotherapy | use of medications to treat psychological problems |
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat serious psychological problems |
| psychosurgery | psychosurgery |
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