Abnormal Psych Chapter 2
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| Models/Paradigms | A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations
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| Biological Theorists | Theorists view abnormal behavior as an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism; typically in the brain anatomy or chemistry
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| Neurons | Nerve Cells; large groups form brain regions
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| Glia | Support cells
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| Cerebrum | Towards top of head; includes the cortex, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala
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| Cortex | Outer layer of the brain
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| Corpus Callosum | Connects the brain's 2 cerebral hemispheres
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| Basal Ganglia | plays a crucial role in planning and producing movement
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| Hippocampus | helps control emotions and memory
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| Amygdala | Plays a key role in emotional memory; raw emotion particularly fear
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| Huntington's Disease | disorder marked by violents emotional outbursts, memory loss, suicidal thinking, involuntary body movements, and absurd beliefs; traced to loss of cells in the basal ganglia
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| Dendrites, cell body, cell nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, terminal buttons, neurotransmitters, synaptic gap/cleft, electrical/chemical messages | List the parts involved in sending a chemical message
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| serotonin, norepinephrine | Depression has been linked to low levels of _______ and __________
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| Growth, reproduction, sexual activity, heart rate, body temp, energy, and responses to stress | What activities do the endocrine glands help control?
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| Adrenal, cortisol, cortisol | During stress, the ______ glands secrete the hormone _______. Abnormal secretions of _______ have been tied to anxiety and mood disorders
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| Genetics, evolution, and viral infections | 3 reasons some people have brain structures or biochem. activities that differ from the norm:
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| Genes | segments that control the characteristics and traits a person inherits
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| Schizophrenia | Studies found that many people with the disorder ________ had mothers who contracted the flu or related viruses during pregnancy; Damaging virus may enter fetus's brain and remain dormant until adolescence/young adulthood
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| drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery | Three leading kinds of bio treatments:
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| Psychotropic medications | drugs that mainly affect emotions and thought processes
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| Antianxiety drugs (minor tranquilizers/anxiolytics); Antidepressant, Antibipolar (mood stabilizers); Antipsychotic Drugs | 4 major drug groups used in therapy:
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| Antipsychotic Drugs | Help reduce the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions of psychotic disorders: disorders marked by a loss of contact with reality
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| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), seizure, 7, 9 | ______: 2 electrodes are placed on patient's forehead and an electrical current of 65-140 volts is passed briefly through the brain; causes brain ______ for a few mins; About ___ to ____ sessions
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| Seem to expect that all human behavior can be explained in bio terms and treated w/ bio methods which can limit our understanding of abnorm. functioning; treatments can produce significant undesirable effects | Problems with Bio Model:
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| Psychodynamic Theorists | Theorists believe that a person's behavior is determined largely by underlying psychological (interacting) forces of which he or she is not consciously aware
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| The interaction between the internal forces: the id, ego, and superego | In the psychodynamic model, what gives rise to behavior, thoughts, and emotions?
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| Psychodynamic Theorists | Theorists believe that no symptom of behavior is accidental
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| Id | Part of the unconscious that denotes instinctual needs, drives, and impulses; operates in accordance with the pleasure principle; Freud
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| Libido | Sexual energy; fuels the id
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| Ego | separates off of the id; unconsciously seeks gratification in accordance with reality principle; guides us to know when we can or can't express those impulses
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| Reality Principle | the knowledge that we acquire through experience that it can be unacceptable to express our id impulses outright
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| Ego Defense Mechanisms | Ego developes basic strategies called, ____ ________ _______, to control unacceptable id impulses and avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse
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| Superego | grows from the ego; makes of the conscious
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| Psychodynamic | According to the _______ model, a healthy personality is one in which an effective working relationship, an acceptable compromise, has formed among the 3 forces
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| oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital | Name Freud's stages in order:
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| Ego theory, self theory, and object relations theory | 3 of today's most influential psychodynamic theories:
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| Ego Theorists | Psychodynamic theorists that emphasize the role of the ego and consider it a more independent and powerful force than Freud did.
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| Self Theorists | Psychodynamic theorists that give the greatest attention to the role of the self- the unified personality; believe that the basic human motive is to strengthen the wholeness of the self
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| Object Relations Theorist | Psychodynamic theorists that propose that people are motivated mainly by a need to have relationships w/ others and that severe problems in the relationships b/w children and their caregivers may lead to abnorm development
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| Free association, therapist interpretation, catharsis, and working through | 4 Psychodynamic Therapy Techniques:
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| Free association | Therapy technique in which the therapist tells the patient to describe any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant; associations will eventually uncover unconscious evens
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| Resistance, transference, and dreams | Interpretations of 3 phenomena: _____, ______, and ______ that are particularly important in psychodynamic therapy
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| Resistance | an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy; when they suddenly cannot free associate or when they change a subject to avoid a discussion
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| Transference | when patient's act and feel toward the therapist as they did or do toward important persons in their lives, especially parents, siblings, and spouses
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| Theorists believe that repression and other defense mechanisms operate less completely during sleep and that drams can reveal unconscious instincts, needs, and wishes. | Why are dreams an important part of psychodynamic therapy?
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| Manifest Content (the consciously remembered dream), and Latent Content (the symbolic meaning) | 2 Kinds of dream content (Psychodynamic Model)
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| Catharsis | In psychodynamic therapy, a reliving of past repressed feelings; needed in order for patients to settle internal conflicts and overcome their problems
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| Working Through | In psychodynamic therapy: patient and therapist must examine the same issues over and over in the course of many sessions, each time with greater clarity
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| Short-term Psychodynamic therapies and relational psychoanalytic therapy | 2 contemporary psychodynamic approaches that are more efficient (focused and time-limited):
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| Short-term psychodynamic therapy | Psychodynamic therapy in which patient chooses a single problem (dynamic focus) to work on; therapist and patient focus on that problem throughout treatment and work only on psychodynamic issues that relate to it
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| Relational Psychoanalytic Therapy | Psychodyn therapy: argues that therapists are key figures in the lives of patients whose reactions & beliefs should be included in therapy; therapists should not keep things to themselves & should try to establish equal relationships w/ patients
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| Concepts hard to research; no way to know if the processes are occurring | Problems w/ the psychodynamic model
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| Helped us understand that abnorm functioning may be rooted in same processes as norm functioning; look for answers outside of bio processes; first to apply theory systematically to treatment | Pro's of the psychodynamic model:
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| Behavioral Model | Model that concentrates on the responses an organism makes to its environment; bases explanations and treatments on principles of learning
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| external, internal | In the Behavioral Model: behaviors can be _____ (such as going to work) or ________ (having a feeling or thought)
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| Principles of Learning | the processes by which behaviors change in response to the environment
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| operant conditioning (rewards), modeling (observation and imitation), and classical conditioning (learning occurs by temporal association) | 3 forms of conditioning
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| Behavioral Therapy | aims to identify behaviors that are causing a person's problems and then tries to replace them with more appropriate ones by applying the principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or modeling
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| Systematic Desensitization | behavioral therapy method in which clients learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread; First learn relaxation techniques, then construct fear hierarchy, then confront while relaxed
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| It can be tested/observed/measures; can be helpful to people with specific fears, compulsive behavior, social deficits, mental retardation, etc. | Pro's of the behavioral model
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| Con's of the behavioral model:
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| Behavioral Model | Model that concentrates on the responses an organism makes to its environment; bases explanations and treatments on principles of learning
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| external, internal | In the Behavioral Model: behaviors can be _____ (such as going to work) or ________ (having a feeling or thought)
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| Principles of Learning | the processes by which behaviors change in response to the environment
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| operant conditioning (rewards), modeling (observation and imitation), and classical conditioning (learning occurs by temporal association) | 3 forms of conditioning
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| Behavioral Therapy | aims to identify behaviors that are causing a person's problems and then tries to replace them with more appropriate ones by applying the principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or modeling
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| Systematic Desensitization | behavioral therapy method in which clients learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread; First learn relaxation techniques, then construct fear hierarchy, then confront while relaxed
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| It can be tested/observed/measures; can be helpful to people with specific fears, compulsive behavior, social deficits, mental retardation, etc. | Pro's of the behavioral model
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| still no solid evidence that most people w/ psych. disorders are victims of improper conditioning; has limits: improvements in therapy do not always extend outside or last w/o cont. therapy; too simplistic-fails to account for complexity of behavior | Con's of the behavioral model:
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| Cognitive abilities | special intellectual capacities to think, remember, and anticipate
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| Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck | Proposed that cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions and that we can best understand abnorm functioning by looking to cognition
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| Cognitive Model | Abnorm functioning can result from assumptions and adopted attitudes that are disturbing/inaccurate and illogical thinking processes such as overgeneralization
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| Cognitive Therapists | Therapists believe people w/ psychological disorders can overcome their problems by developing new, more functional ways of thinking
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| Cognitive Therapy | therapists help clients recog. the neg. thoughts, biased interprets., & errors in logic that dom. their thinking & cause them to feel depressed; guide to challenge dysfunct. thoughts, try new interprets., & apply new ways of thinking to daily life
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| It focuses on a process unique to human beings: the process of human thought; Lend themselves to research; very effective for treating depression, panic disorder, social phobia, and sexual dysfunctions | Pro's of the Cognitive Model
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| Precise role of cognitive processes has yet to be determined; they do not help everyone (cog. changes not always possible to achieve); it is narrow (only one part of human functioning) | Con's of the Cognitive Model
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| Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) | therapy that helps clients to accept many of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try to change them; by recogniz. the thoughts as just thoughts, clients will be able to let them pass w/o being troubled by them
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| Humanists | believe humans are born w/ a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, & constructive; people are driven to self-actualize-can only do that by honestly recogniz. &accepting their weaknesses as well as their strengths & establish personal values
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| Self-Actualize | to fulfill the potential for goodness and growth
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| Self-Actualization | Humanists suggest that ___ ______ leads naturally to a concern for the welfare of others and to behavior that is loving, courageous, spontaneous, and independent
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| Existentialists | humans must have accurate awareness of themselves and live meaningful lives in order to be psychly. well; from birth we have totally freedom and ability to choose to hide from responsibility or to face up to our lives
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| Humanists (the more positive) believe we are born w/ a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive; Existentialists believe we can choose at birth to face up to responsibilities or hide from them. | One major difference between humanists and existentialists:
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| Carl Rogers | the pioneer of the humanistic perspective, developed client-centered therapy
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| Infancy; positive; unconditional self regard; conditions of worth | Carl Rogers believes road to dysfunction begins in ____, we all have a basic need for ____ regard; those who develop unconditional positive regard are likely to develop ____ ___ ___; Children who do not feel they are worthy develop ____ of _____
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| Conditions of worth | standards that tell children/people they are lovable & acceptable only when they conform to certain guidelines; look at themselves very selectively, deny/distort thoughts & actions that do not measure up, thus acquiring distorted view of themselves/exper.
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| Client-centered therapy | therapy that tries to create a supportive climate in which clients feel able to look at themselves honestly and acceptingly
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| Unconditional pos. regard (full & warm acceptance for the client), accurate empathy (skillful listening & restatements), and genuiness (sincere communication) | In client-centered therapy, therapist must display 3 important qualities:
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| Has not done well in research | Con's of Client-centered therapy
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| one of the 1st major alternatives to psychodynamic therapy, helped open up clinical field to new approaches, helped pave the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy instead of just psychiatrists | Pro's of client-centered therapy
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| Gestalt therapy | humanistic approach; developed by Frederick Perls; guide clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by frustrating and challenging clients
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| skillful frustration, role playing, and roles&exercises | 3 Techniques used in gestalt therapy
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| Skillful frustration | therapy technique in which the therapist refuses to meet the client's expectations of demands; meant to help people see how often they try to manipulate others into meeting their needs
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| role-playing | therapy technique in which the client acts out another role; experience may help clients accept feelings that previously made them uncomfortable
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| Existential therapy | therapy in which people are encouraged to accept responsibility for their lives and for their problems; place great emphasis on relationship b/w therapist and client; try to produce atmosphere of candor, hard work, and shared learning/growth
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| issues are difficult to research; have traditionally rejected the use of empirical research | Con's of the humanistic-existential model:
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| the family-social perspective and the multicultural perspective | The sociocultural model consists of 2 perspectives:
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| Family-social perspective | argues that clinic. teorists should concen.on those broad forces that operate directly on an individ(family relations, social interactions, & community events) they pay attn. to 3 kinds of factors: social labels/roles, social nets, & fam structure/comm.
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| Family systems theory | the family is a system of interacting parts (the fam members), who interact w/ one another in consistent ways & follow rules unique to each fam.; believe the structre and comm. patterns of some fams force individ. members to behave abnormally
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| Enmeshed | ______ structure:members are grossly overinvolved in each other's activities, thoughts, and feelings
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| Disengaged | very rigid boundaries b/w members in a family
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| group therapy, family and couple therapy, and community treatment | Family-social perspective helped spur growth of several new treatment approaches:
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| Group therapy | type of therapy in which a therapist meets w/ a group of clients who have similar problems and develop important insights, build social skills, strengthen feelings of self-worth, and share useful info/advice
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| self help/mutual help groups come together to help and support one another w/o the direct leadership of a professional clinician | The difference between a self-help group/mutual help group and group therapy
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| Family therapy | therapist meets w/ all members of a family, points out problem behaviors and interactions, and helps the whole family to change its ways
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| structural family therapy | Family systems approach in which therapists try to change the family power structure, the roles each person plays, and the relationships b/w members
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| conjiont family therapy | family systems approach in which therapists try to help members recognize and change harmful patterns of communication
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| Integrative couple therapy | therapy that helps partners accept behaviors that they cannot change and embrace the whole relationship nevertheless
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| Behavioral couple therapy | therapy that helps spouses recognize and change problem behaviors largely by teaching specific problem-solving communication skills
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| Community mental health treatment | programs that allow clients to receive treatment in familiar social surroundings as they try to recover
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| Community Mental Health Act | John F. Kennedy's approach for the treatment of mental disorders
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| Primary prevention | consists of efforts to improve community attitudes and policies; goal:to help prevent psychological disorders
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| Secondary Prevention | consists of identifying and treating psychological disorders in the early stages before they become serious; workers may work with teachers, ministers, or police to help them recognize warning signs of early abnorm. development
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| Tertiary Prevention | goal: to provide effective treatment as soon as it is needed so that moderate or severe disorders do not become long-term problems
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| Multicultural Perspective | seeks to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, & similar factors affect behavior & thought & how people of diff. cultures, races, & genders differ psychologically
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| greater sensitivity to cultural issues and inclusion of cultural morals and models in treatment | 2 features of treatment that can increase a therapist's effectiveness w/ minority clients:
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| Culture-sensitive therapies | approaches that seek to address the unique issues faced by members of cultural minority groups
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| treatment formats offered sometimes succeed where traditional approaches have failed | Pro's of the sociocultural model
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| research findings are difficult to interpret; inability to predict abnormality in specific individuals | Con's of the sociocultural model
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