Abnormal Psych Exam1
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| Three traits of abnormal behavior? | 1. Dysfunction
2. Distress-causing
3. Deviance (culturally)
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| Historical views of abnormality, 400-300 BCE? | Abnormality attributed to supernatural causes (Dionesis) & was treated by religious means. Galen & Hippocrates suggested a biological perspective involving the 4 Humors, birthing the Biological Tradition.
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| Historical views of abnormality, 400-1400 CE? | Supernatural Tradition arose (due to the Church's influence). Several accounts of mass insanity & witch burnings. Begins the idea that culture affects the interpretation of symptoms.
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| Historical views of abnormality, 1400-1700 CE? | Biological Tradition re-emerges. Treatments are simplistic (bleeding, scaring). First asylum was built to care for psychologically disturbed; communities also foster other people (Gheel, Belgium). By the 1800's, asylums were inhumane ("Human zoo", Bedlam)
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| Three Psychological Traditions? | 1. Biological
2. Psychological
3. Supernatural
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| Historical views of abnormality, late 1800's-1900's? | Moral treatment begins, later leading to the Psychological Tradition. However, moral treatment breaks down, as patients lacked mental stimulation.
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| Biological Breakthrough? | Some mental conditions have a purely biological cause, such as general paresis, which is caused by syphilis.
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| Start of the Psychological Tradition? | In France, suffers of hysteria underwent hypnosis & regained lost mobility or senses. Freud "recognized" a psychological block, resulting in the psychological tradition.
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| Historical views of abnormality, Mid-60's? | A move towards institutionalization for severe, persistant illnesses. Supposed to remove the stigma associated with mental illness & provide freedom & lower costs.
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| Historical views of abnormality, Now? | Deinsitutionalization on rise, as well as an increase in outpatient care-- other professions can aid those with mental conditions, such as social workers and therapists.
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| Biological Influence? | 1. Genetics (twin studies)
2. Neuroanatomical (structures within the brain vary amongst people with mental diseases, like Alzheimers)
3. Neurochemical / Endocrene differences (such as GABA and anxiety)
4. Treatment involves medicine & surgery
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| Psychological Influence? | 1. Psychodynamic (unconciously repressed conflicts/desires, ala Freud)
2. Behavioral (influenced by faulty learning)
3. Congitative (distorted thinking or beliefs, like depression)
4. Treatment involves therapy geared towards lifestyle/mental changes
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| Sociocultural Influence(interactions with people & culture)? | 1. Interpersonal (increase/improve communication)
2. Culture (disorders may have various symptoms)
3. Socio-structural (living in unhealthy communities-- many social stressors)
4. Treatment involves isolation from environment, education, and assistance
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| Diathesis? | Internal vunerability
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| Diathesis-stress model? | Diathesis combines with stress, resulting in emergence of abnormal behaviors. Stressors could be bio, psycho, or social.
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| Biopsychosocial model? | Factors influence each other (alcoholism).
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| Psychological Assessment? | Use first session to gather data on patient. Often, surveys are given.
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| Good assessment instrument? | 1. Standardization & norms (large sample size, better norms & comparision, like IQ tests)
2. Reliability (test/re-test & interrater reliability)
3. Validity (predictive & concurrent validity)
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| Controversies with DSM-IV-R? | Categories v. Dimnsional, how many diagnoses (comorbidty, subdividing), reliability & validity
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| Diagnosis & DSM-IV-R? | Labeling. Issues arising may include stigma, hasty diagnosis, difficulties w/ life. Social costs. However, it allows for more effective treatment. Classification is less prone to biases.
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| Types of Clinical Assessment? | 1. Clinical interview (gain information on client and form an alliance)
2. Clinical Observation (overweights negative v. positive, doesn't really remember middle biases)
3. Clinical tests & inventories
*Very easy to administer & very objective, expensi
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| Clinical Tests & Inventories? | 1. Pathology (Rorschach,, Beck Depression Inventory)
2. Neuropsychology / Intelligence-- assess basic skills (WAIS-3, Bender Visual Motor Test)
3. Physiological / Neuroimaging (PMRI)
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| ABC Model? | Obtain information by observation. Antecedent Behavior Consequence.
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| Internal v. External Validity? | External is how likely results are to be generaized, maximized in the field. Internal is the confidence of cause & effect, maximized in the lab (double-blind removes biases).
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| NOS? | Not otherwise specified. Used when no clear diagnosis can be given. Ex. Anxiety Disorder NOS.
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| Descriptive Studies? | 1. Survey (epidemiological) research. Systematically evaluating the public.
2. Coorelational studies
3. Group comparison studies-- non-ethical cause/effect.
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| Coorelational Studies? | mathematical way of determining the relatability of two things. Cheap, high external v. No manipulation of variables. Coorelation doesn't imply causation.
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| Experimental Studies? | 1. Must have a control & a manipulated variable & random assignment.
2. High in internal validity. Can best determine cause/effect and eliminate irrelevant things, but is costly. Ethics must be considered.
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| Meta-analysis? | High external & internal validity. Each unit is a study, not a person, where studies are mathematically averaged. The result is an effect size: 0=nonsignificant, greater than 0.2 is significant.
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| Anxiety? | Combination of feelings & thoughts. Worried about future problems. Anxiety disorders are lasting, less severe-- anxiety is out of proportion to the situation.
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| Fear? | Pure emotional response. Gray called a fight or flight response. Quick.
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| Panic Attack? | Distinct period when fear response causes extreme physical discomfort, Cued or Uncued. 10% of people have had at least one.
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| General features of anxiety disorder? | Prevalence and comorbidity (depression, substance abuse, or personality disorder)
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| Panic disorder description? | Repeated, uncued panic attacks. May lead to agoraphobia.
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| Biology of panic disorder? | Locus ceruleus and amygdala (amygdala is involved in the emotional component of memories & regulating negative emotions). Two neural circuits activated: fear and anxiety. Fear creates secondary activation of anxiety circuit.
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| Psychology of panic disorder? | Behavioral conditioning. Conditioned response from conditioned stimulus.
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| Sociocultural ideas behind panic disorder? | Fairly equal throughout world. More somatic symptoms in third world countries & Asia (physical symptoms more acceptable than emotional issues)
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| Treatment of panic disorder? | GABA-centered medication, Prozac, Paxil, and exposure based treatments.
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| OCD Biological? |
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| PTSD influences and description? | Reliving horrible life events and experiences. Numbing of emotional responsiveness, flashbacks. Genetics affects it (CRF), along with the degree of experiences and personal threshold. Has replaced Conversion disorder (war). Support group can prevent it.
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| PTSD biology? | CRF & chronic activation of stress hormones damages hippocampus. Changes in brain structure and function. Memory deficits. May be reversible.
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| PTSD Treatment? | Catherisis and exposure-based therapy
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