Theories of Personality: A Behavioral View
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| The truth is that B. F. Skinner | did not offer a personality theory at all.
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| The essential truth about B. F. Skinner's research is that | his study of behavior is the antithesis of the psychoanalytic, trait, life span, cognitive and humanistic approaches.
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| Skinner's treatment of personality is unusual because he | made no references to internal, subjective accounts for behavior.
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| Skinner described human beings as | empty organisms.
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| Skinner argued that psychology is the science of | behavior.
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| Skinner rejected ____ as a valid personality characteristic. | all of the answers
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| Skinner believed that physiological processes are | irrelevant for mental activities.
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| The research supporting Skinner's theory was conducted on | rats and pigeons.
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| Skinner's research subjects were mainly | animals.
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| Skinner's influence on psychology | has wide practical applications.
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| Skinner's behavioral approach is | used in schools, correctional institutions, and hospitals.
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| Skinner's childhood was characterized by | parental warnings that influenced his adult behavior.
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| We get a glimpse of Skinner's later work in his childhood love of | constructing mechanical devices.
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| Skinner was taught by his parents to | “fear God, the police, and what people think.”
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| At age 22, Skinner experienced | an identity crisis.
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| In his early adulthood, Skinner | decided he would study human behavior by the methods of science rather than the methods of fiction.
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| In Skinner's fictional community of Walden Two, | life is controlled by positive reinforcement.
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| Skinner believed that behavior can be controlled by | its consequences.
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| When a specific stimulus elicits a response, it is called | respondent behavior.
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| In his famous salivating dog experiment, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that | reinforcement is necessary for learning.
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| Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning involves | all of the answers.
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| To condition a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, Pavlov | rang the bell shortly before the dog smelled meat powder.
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| Skinner's term for voluntary, explorative behavior is | operant behavior.
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| According to Skinner, operant behavior | all of the answers.
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| A rat pressing a lever in a Skinner box is showing ____ behavior. | elicited
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| According to Skinner, parental disapproval of a child's behavior will | probably lead to the cessation of that behavior.
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| Skinner believed that personality is a(n) | pattern or collection of operant behaviors.
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| In Skinner’s research, food-deprived rats pressed a lever to receive a food pellet. The rat will eventually press the lever | because he will understand that he will be reinforced for his behavior with a food pellet.
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| The _______ becomes the reinforcer for the rat to receive a reward for his behavior. | food
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| When Skinner failed to reinforce rats in a Skinner box continuously, the rats | eventually stopped pressing the lever.
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| In fixed-interval reinforcement, | reinforcement is unrelated to the number of responses.
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| An employee paid on a weekly basis operates under a ____ schedule of reinforcement. | fixed-interval
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| In a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule, if the interval between reinforcements is shortened the response rate will | increase.
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| Compared to fixed-interval schedules, fixed-ratio schedules | produce higher response rates.
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| Slot machines operate on a ____ schedule of reinforcement. | variable-ratio
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| A good example of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is | casino gambling.
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| Shaping a behavior that is not likely to occur spontaneously is accomplished by | successive approximation.
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| The secret to shaping behavior is | reinforcing only successive approximations of the final behavior desired.
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| The successive approximation method | is also called shaping.
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| Superstitious behavior is learned quickly when there are | short intervals between reinforcements.
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| To Skinner, self-control means | control of external variables that determine behavior.
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| Skinner suggests all of the following techniques of self-control except | physical punishment administered by a friend.
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| When a token economy was instituted in a psychiatric hospital, | there was a dramatic increase in appropriate patient behaviors.
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| In a token economy experiment, psychotic patients | became less dependent and more responsible.
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| Behavior modified in a token economy | usually reverts to its original state when tokens are no longer provided.
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| In behavior modification therapy, unconscious motivating forces are | ignored.
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| In behavior modification, Skinner advocated using | only positive reinforcement.
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| For changing behavior, Skinner believed punishment is | less effective than extinction.
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| An example of negative reinforcement is | spanking a child to make him stop using curse words.
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| According to Skinner, negative reinforcement is | less effective than positive reinforcement.
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| According to Skinner, human behavior is controlled by | reinforcers.
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| Skinner believed people function | like machines.
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| Skinner believed people are not responsible for their actions, because | all behavior is determined.
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| Which one of the following best describes Skinner's image of human nature? | We are controlled by the environment, but we can control ourselves by changing the environment.
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| Skinner's assessment techniques include | laboratory experiments.
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| The followers of Skinner assess behavior, (not personality) using all of the following techniques except | free association, dream analysis, and projective techniques.
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| Each of the following is a factor in Skinner's functional analysis except | the motivation behind the behavior.
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| Functional analysis | all of these
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| In the application of Skinner’s behavior modification techniques, | it is necessary to first assess specific behaviors.
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| Skinner's methodological approach to the study of behavior is to | observe the subject, have the subject do self-reports, and do physiological measurements.
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| Skinner's assessment methods | preferred the intensive study of a single subject at a time.
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| Skinner believed that valid and replicable results could be obtained without ____________ as long as sufficient data were collected from a single-subject under well-controlled circumstances. | statistical analysis
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| All of the following are criticisms of Skinner's system except which? | Operant conditioning cannot change behavior.
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