Social Psychology with Professor Scott Plous
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| spotlight effect | The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they really are.
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| illusion of transparency | The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.
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| self-concept | What we know and believe about ourselves.
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| self-schema | Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.
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| possible selves | Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future.
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| social comparison | Evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.
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| individualism | The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
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| independent self | Construing one’s identity as an autonomous self.
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| collectivism | Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.
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| interdependent self | Construing one’s identity in relation to others.
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| planning fallacy | The tendency to under- estimate how long it will take to complete a task.
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| impact bias | Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
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| immune neglect | The human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the “psychological immune system,” which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.
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| dual attitude system | Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habit.
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| self-esteem | A person’s overall self- evaluation or sense of self-worth.
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| terror management theory | Proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.
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| self-efficacy | A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one’s sense of self-worth.
A sharpshooter in the military might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem.
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| locus of control | The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces.
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| learned helplessness | The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events.
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| self-serving bias | The tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
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| self-serving attributions | A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.
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| defensive pessimism | The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.
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| false consensus effect | The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.
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| false uniqueness effect | The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviors.
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| group-serving bias | Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one’s own group).
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| self-handicapping | Protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.
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| self-presentation | The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals.
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| self-monitoring | Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression. (Also known as being a "social chameleon").
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| central route to persuasion | When people are motivated and able to think about an issue, they are likely to take this method of persuasion—focusing on the arguments
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| peripheral route to persuasion | Rather than noticing whether the arguments are particularly compelling, people might follow this method of persuasion—focusing on cues that trigger automatic acceptance without much thinking.
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| credibility | perceived expertise and trustworthiness
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| sleeper effect | Delayed persuasion, after people forget the source or its connection with the message.
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| Forms of attractiveness that aid persuasion | Physical attractiveness and similarity
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