Chapter 1, 2, 3, 5
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| show | thoughts & feelings
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| brain | show 🗑
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| show | actions
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| show | people change, are different, & experience things differently (variability)
mind prone to error & illusion
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| What serves as the stable factor when studying psychology? | show 🗑
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| show | philosophy & physiology
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| show | it measures & predicts thoughts, behaviors, & brain processes
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| animism | show 🗑
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| show | mind & body separate
mind can't be studied scientifically
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| show | study of mind, brain, behavior, & their interactions
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| modified dualism (Descartes) | show 🗑
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| show | pineal gland (good position & looked like a mini brain)
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| materialism (Mill & Hobbes) | show 🗑
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| empiricism (Locke) | show 🗑
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| show | behavior influences how characteristics evolve
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| different scientists who tried to understand brain & nervous system (7) | show 🗑
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| show | Wundt; 1879; laboratory in Livitz, Germany
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| structuralism (Titchener @ Cornell) | show 🗑
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| show | focused on roles of thought & behavior (reasoning) & how they adapt
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| show | a lot happened in the unconscious
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| show | whole is different from the sum of its parts
context & expectations influence what you see
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| show | focused on observables & not mind
fails to take mental processes & evolutionary history into account
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| What are the 2 categories in psychological disciplines/areas? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. identify problem/theory
2. derive hypotheses
3. design experiment to collect data
4. analyze data to potentially modify theory/hypothesis (cannot prove, but can disprove)
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| hypothesis | show 🗑
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| theory | show 🗑
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| show | controlled situation to manipulate variables & measure their effects
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| show | specific mental abilities associated with parts of brain
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| show | loss of cognitive/motor functions temporarily
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| humanistic psychology | show 🗑
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| cognitive psychology | show 🗑
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| show | links psychological processes to nervous system
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| show | understand links b/w cognitive processes & brain activity
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| evolutionary psychology | show 🗑
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| show | causes/consequences of human interaction
presence of people has an effect
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| cultural psychology | show 🗑
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| absolutism | show 🗑
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| show | phenomena vary & should be viewed in context of specific culture
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| What are the 3 experimental variables? | show 🗑
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| What do experiments help us understand? | show 🗑
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| show | no manipulation
helps to see relationships
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| show | idiosyncratic - specific to an individual
insightful, but not generalizable
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| observational studies | show 🗑
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| show | counterbalancing - balance out costs to remove variability & see only your effects
random assignment
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| expectancy factors | show 🗑
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| show | if they know about the study, participants can act a certain way
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| single-blind studies | show 🗑
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| double-blind studies | show 🗑
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| experiments/studies should have _______ & ________ | show 🗑
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| show | replicable in other labs & with a wider audience
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| Mozart effect | show 🗑
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| What needs to be done in order to make research ethically right? | show 🗑
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| show | -no needless harm
-help others
-no coercion
-deception needs a good reason
-protect powerless & vulnerabl (minors, handicapped, prisoners)
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| show | how well is what you're trying to study measured (most are invalid)
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| show | internal - with respect to study
external - outside of study
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| show | replicability
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| show | consensus that exists in a method/tool
used with studies using subjective judgements
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| show | bell curve with concentration near middle
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| show | describes data & distribution
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| inferential statistics | show 🗑
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| show | central tendency & variability
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| show | mean (arithmetic average)
median (middle score)
mode (most popular response)
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| When do you want to use the median value? | show 🗑
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| bimodal data | show 🗑
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| types of variability | show 🗑
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| show | scatterplots (correlations)
bar charts (categorical)
line charts (continuous data over time)
pie charts (distribution)
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| What do error bars show us on line charts? | show 🗑
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| show | p < 0.05
when 2 things seem different from each other, but they're not
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| show | 2 things don't seem different, but they are
fixed by power increase
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| show | start w/ simplest theory
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| parts of Belmont Report | show 🗑
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| third variable correlation | show 🗑
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| show | participants identical in terms of third variable
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| matched pairs technique | show 🗑
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| parts of a neuron | show 🗑
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| axon | show 🗑
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| show | where info comes in
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| myelin sheath | show 🗑
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| nodes of ranvier | show 🗑
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| show | white matter - myelinated neurons (white = fat)
gray matter - unmyelinated
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| show | afferent (sensory) - periphery to CNS
efferent (motor) - CNS to periphery
interneurons - shuffling info to help mind think
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| glial cells | show 🗑
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| How do glial cells support neurons? | show 🗑
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| neural transmission | show 🗑
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| What's the resting potential of a neuron? | show 🗑
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| What happens to the electrical charge of a neuron during the action potential? | show 🗑
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| show | all or none - either they fire or they don't
randomly fires
more impulse = more firing
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| show | rate & pattern of neural firing
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| What two ions play a role in neural firing? | show 🗑
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| show | negative
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| What happens during depolarization? | show 🗑
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| show | K ions flow out & Na gates close
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| show | K gates close
pump moves Na ions out & K ions in
no action potential can be initiated
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| What happens in between synapses? | show 🗑
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| What are the two types of neurons involved in neural firing? | show 🗑
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| show | -excitatory
-binds to NMDA & AMPA receptors
-deactivated by alcohol
-sensory neurons involved with learning
-precursor for GABA
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| GABA | show 🗑
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| neuromodulators | show 🗑
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| show | agonist & antagonist
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| endorphins | show 🗑
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| show | repress neurotransmitter release
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| show | reuptake with autoreceptors
enzymatic deactivation/neutralization
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| show | -re-uptake blocker of serotonin
-agonist
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| show | altered connections at dendrites
pruning - taking out bad/not needed connections
plasticity - modification
neurogenesis
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| show | peripheral & CNS
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| two parts of the PNS | show 🗑
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| show | sympathetic (dynamic) & parasympathetic (relaxed)
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| two parts of CNS | show 🗑
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| show | forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
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| how is the CNS protected? | show 🗑
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| show | glial cells
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| show | mediates brain & PNS, reflexes
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| show | hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
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| 2 parts of hindbrain/brain stem | show 🗑
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| show | medulla (attached to spinal cord)
reticular formation (arousal, circadian rhythm, heartbeat, blood circulation, respiration)
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| show | pons (sensory info, respiration)
cerebellum (fine motor control, coordination, balance)
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| 2 parts of midbrain/mesencephalon | show 🗑
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| what is the mesencephalon responsible for? | show 🗑
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| what are 3 neurological imaging measures? | show 🗑
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| what are 4 electrical measures? | show 🗑
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| compare two types of neurological imaging | show 🗑
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| 3 types of functional imaging/blood flow measures | show 🗑
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| show | usually more than one part is affected
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| 2 parts of forebrain | show 🗑
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| 2 parts of diencephalon | show 🗑
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| 4 parts of telencephalon | show 🗑
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| 3 parts of limbic system | show 🗑
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| show | -study of the mind
-bumps & depressions on skull represent different functions
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| 4 lobes of the cortex | show 🗑
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| how many lobes do you have total? | show 🗑
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| Phineas Gage | show 🗑
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| show | parts dedicated with respect to how sensitive they are
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| show | parts dedicated with respect to how much you need to control it
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| show | -active when watching others do things/you do things
-origin of empathy
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| example of mirror neurons in action | show 🗑
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| example of how primary motor cortex is associated with paralysis | show 🗑
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| 2 types of language areas | show 🗑
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| show | can't speak well, little syntax, can't write, CAN understand, laborious speaking
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| Wernicke's aphasia | show 🗑
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| show | contralateral except for sense of smell
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| show | right of body, language, analytic thinking
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| show | spatial processing
holistic processing
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| show | commisures -> corpus callosum
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| show | project to opposite hemispheres & respective side of the eye
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| show | K ions flow in and out
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| show | depolarization until max potential is reached
repolarization
hyperpolarization
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| show | speed flow of info down axon by jumping from node to node
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| show | -inhibitory & excitatory
-involuntary motor control
-activates muscles
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| show | Alzheimer's
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| dopamine | show 🗑
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| lack of dopamine | show 🗑
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| abundance of dopamine | show 🗑
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| show | -excitatory
-mood & arousal
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| show | -inhibitory
-regulation of sleep, eating, aggression
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| L-dopa & MPTP | show 🗑
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| amphetamine | show 🗑
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| propranalol | show 🗑
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| pituitary gland | show 🗑
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