Chapter 8 Memory & Chapter 9 Cognition (Thinking & Language)
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| show | The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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| show | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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| Encoding | show 🗑
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| show | The retention of encoded information over time
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| show | The process of getting information out of memory storage
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| Sensory Memory | show 🗑
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| Short-Term Memory | show 🗑
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| Long-Term Memory | show 🗑
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| show | A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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| show | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
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| show | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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| Rehearsal | show 🗑
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| Spacing Effect | show 🗑
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| show | When people go around in a circle or in order, when we are next in line we focus on our own performance and fail to process the last person's words
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| show | Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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| Visual Encoding | show 🗑
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| Acoustic Encoding | show 🗑
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| Semantic Encoding | show 🗑
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| Imagery | show 🗑
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| Mnemonic Device | show 🗑
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| show | Organizing items into manageable units; often occurs automatically
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| Hierarchies | show 🗑
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| show | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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| Echoic Memory | show 🗑
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| show | Most people have a working memory that can hold seven things at a time plus or minus two, so some people can hold 5 things other as many as 9 things
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| Long-term Potentiation (LTP) | show 🗑
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| Amnesia | show 🗑
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| Implicit Memory (Procedural Memory) | show 🗑
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| show | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare". It is made up of both facts and personally experienced events and is stored in the hippocampus
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| Hippocampus | show 🗑
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| Recall | show 🗑
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| show | A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned with some cues all you must do is recognize the correct answer. For instance multiple choice tests
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| show | A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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| Priming | show 🗑
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| Deja Vu | show 🗑
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| Mood-Congruent Memory | show 🗑
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| Forgetting | show 🗑
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| Absent-mindedness | show 🗑
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| show | Storage decay over time and causes forgetting
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| show | inaccessibility of stored information and causes forgetting
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| Repression | show 🗑
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| show | Confusing the source of information (also known as source amnesia) and cause confusion in memory
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| Suggestibility | show 🗑
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| Bias | show 🗑
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| show | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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| Persistence | show 🗑
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| show | Designed by Ebbinghaus who also proved that rehearsal works on encoding proved that information remembered drops radically in the first 30 days and then tappers off
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| show | Type of blocking, Mnemonic PORN, proactive interference old information interferes with you trying to remember new information: can't remember new cell number because the old cell number keeps getting in the way
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| Retroactive Interference | show 🗑
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| show | Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experience, heard about, read about, or imagined. Also known as misattribution.
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| Cognition | show 🗑
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| Concepts | show 🗑
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| Hierarchies | show 🗑
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| show | Strict and specific rules that always explain the term
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| show | A mental image or best example of a category. Easier way to categorize things rather than using definitions
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| show | A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier--but also more error prone- use of heuristics
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| Heuristics | show 🗑
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| Insight | show 🗑
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| Confirmation Bias | show 🗑
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| Fixation | show 🗑
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| show | A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
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| Functional Fixedness | show 🗑
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| Representativeness Heuristic | show 🗑
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| Availability Heuristic | show 🗑
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| Overconfidence | show 🗑
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| show | The way that an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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| show | The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
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| show | Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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| Intuition | show 🗑
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| show | Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
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| show | In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit (to talk on the phone you must use sounds)
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| show | In a language, the smallest unit of language that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (m in morpheme, m for meaning)
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| Grammar | show 🗑
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| show | The set of rules by which we drive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
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| Syntax | show 🗑
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| Babbling Stage | show 🗑
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| show | The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
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| show | Beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
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| Telegraphic Speech | show 🗑
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| show | The process by which we acquire language. Noam Chomsky said that we all have a specific device, we are pre-programmed to learn language
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| show | Psychologist and philosopher who argued for the existence of a language acquisition device that suggests that all human beings are capable of learning language
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| Overgeneralizing | show 🗑
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| show | The actual words of a sentence according to Noam Chomsky
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| Deep Structure | show 🗑
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| Critical Period | show 🗑
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| show | Whorf's theory that suggests that language changes and determines the ways in which we think
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| Bilingual Advantage | show 🗑
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| show | Linguistic theorist who believes that language determines the way in which we think, calls his hypothesis the Linguistic Determinism Theory
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| show | Information processing model that views memories as products of interconnected neural networks. And particular memories arise from activation patterns within these neural networks
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| Atkinson & Shiffrin 3 Stage Memory Model | show 🗑
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| The central executive | show 🗑
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| Sperling's Sensory Memory Studies | show 🗑
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| show | Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading information. Also sometimes referred to as 'retrieval practice effect' or 'test-enhanced learning'
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| Shallow Processing/Structural Encoding | show 🗑
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| Intermediate Processing/Phoenemic Encoding | show 🗑
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| Deep Processing/Semantic Encoding | show 🗑
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| Self-reference effect | show 🗑
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| show | Known as the "little brain" and sits at the base of the brain attached to the brainstem. It is involved in the processing of implicit/procedural memories
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| show | Clues and associations that help us access the appropriate memories when we want them by placing ourselves in the original context.
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| show | Putting yourself back in the context where you experienced something can prime your memory and help determine what memories you will retrieve
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| State-Dependent Memory | show 🗑
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| Mood Congruent Memory | show 🗑
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| Primacy Effect | show 🗑
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| show | Part of the serial position effect which states that we will have an easy time remembering the last items in a LIST
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| Anterograde Amnesia | show 🗑
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| Retrograde Amnesia | show 🗑
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| Storage decay | show 🗑
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| show | Inability to recall particular information at the exact moment it is requested. It is generally occasional and occurs more frequently with age
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| show | One of the most important experts on memory. She did most of her work in proving how faulty and susceptible to distortion or memories are by proving the existence of the misinformation effect
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| show | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
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| Rehearsal | show 🗑
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| show | Did the famous study where he proved that chimpanzee's had insight as well as humans. He did the experiment with "Sultan" the chimp where he put the food on the ceiling and the chimp had to move the boxes and stand on them to reach his food.
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| Aphasia | show 🗑
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| show | Controls language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
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| show | Controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
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