Response of missed pre-assessment questions
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| show | unconditioned stimulus (definition)
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| A behavior that is prompted automatically by a stimulus is a(n) ____________. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | neutral stimuli (definition)
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| A previously neutral stimulus that evokes a particular response after having been paired with an unconditioned stimulus is a(n) __________. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The process of repeatedly associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in order to evoke a conditioned response is a(n) ___________. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | operant conditioning (definition)
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| show | Skinner box
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| What is it called when a teacher reinforces a student who raises her hand to speak? | show 🗑
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| Pleasant or unpleasant conditions that follow behaviors and affect the frequency of future behaviors. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A pleasurable consequence that maintains or increases a behavior. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Food, water, or other consequence that satisfies a basic need. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A consequence that people learn to value through its association with a primary reinforcer. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Pleasurable consequence given to strengthen behavior. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | negative reinforcer (definition)
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| Rule stating that enjoyable activities can be used to reinforce participation in less enjoyable activities. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | negative reinforcement
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| Behaviors that a person enjoys engaging in for their own sake, without any other reward. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | extrinsic reinforcers (definition)
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| show | 1. Self-reinforcement
2. Praise
3. Attention
4. Grades and recognition
5. Call home
6. Home-based reinforcement
7. Privileges
8. Activity reinforcers
9. Tangible reinforcers
10. Food
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| show | punisher
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| Unpleasant consequences used to weaken behavior. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | aversive stimulus (definition)
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| An aversive stimulus following a behavior, used to decrease the chances that the behavior will occur again. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | removal punishment (definition)
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| show | response cost (definition)
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| Procedure of removing a student from a situation in which misbehavior was being reinforced. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | shaping (definition)
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| The weakening and eventual elimination of a learned behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The increase in levels of a behavior in the early stages of extinction. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The frequency and predictability of reinforcement. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | fixed-ratio (FR) schedule (definition)
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| show | variable-ratio (VR) schedule (definition)
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| show | fixed-interval (FI) schedule (definition)
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| Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following an unpredictable amount of time. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | maintenance (definition)
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| When a teacher holds her hand up to get students' attention it is cueing, a(n) _____________ that informs students which behaviors will be reinforced. | show 🗑
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| show | antecedent stimulus (definition)
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| Signals as to which behavior(s) will be reinforced or punished. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | discrimination (definition)
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| Carryover of behaviors, skills, or concepts from one setting or task to another. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | modeling (definition)
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| Learning by observation and imitation of others. (definition) | show 🗑
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| What are the 4 phases of observational learning? | show 🗑
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| show | learning from observing or hearing about another's experiences
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| Learning based on observation of the consequences of others' behavior. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | self-regulation (definition)
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| show | cognitive behavior modification
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| Behavioral learning theories apply best to ___________ (rather than thinking for example). | show 🗑
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| show | behavioral learning theories (definition)
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| Learning theories that emphasize not only reinforcement but also the effects of cues on thought and of thought on action. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Explanations of learning that focus on mental processes. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | learning (definition)
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| Environmental conditions that activate the senses. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | Pavlov's work
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| Classical conditioning (who) | show 🗑
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| Operant behaviors (who) | show 🗑
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| Premack Priciple also called ____________ | show 🗑
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| Sit and Watch (who) | show 🗑
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| show | Albert Bandura (who)
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| self-regulated learning (who) | show 🗑
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| show | development (definition)
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| Theories based on the belief that human development progresses smoothly and gradually from infancy to adulthood. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | discontinuous theories of development (definition)
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| Gradual, orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | schemes (definition)
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| show | adaptation (definition)
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| Understanding new experiences in terms of existing schemes. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | accommodation (definition)
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| An approach to learning that emphasizes the active role that learners play in building their own understandings. | show 🗑
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| show | equilibration (definition)
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| View of cognitive development that emphasizes the active role of learners in building their own understanding of reality. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | sensorimotor stage (definition)
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| Inborn automatic responses to stimuli (e.g., eye blinking in response to bright light). (definition) | show 🗑
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| Piaget's stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor | show 🗑
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| show | 2 to 7 years
Development of the ability to use symbols to represent objects in the world. Thinking remains egocentric and centered.
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| show | 7 to 11 years
Improvement in ability to think logically. New abilities include the use of operations that are reversible. Thinking is decentered, and problem solving is less restricted by egocentrism. Abstract thinking is not possible.
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| show | 11 years to adulthood
Abstract and purely symbolic thinking possible. Problems can be solved through the use of systematic experimentation.
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| show | object permanence (definition)
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| Stage at which children learn to represent things in the mind. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The concept that certain properties of an object (such as weight) remain the same regardless of changes in other properties (such as length). (definition) | show 🗑
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| Paying attention to only one aspect of an object or situation. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | reversibility (definition)
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| Believing that everyone views the world as you do. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | concrete operational stage (definition)
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| The meaning of stimuli in the context of relevant information. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | seriation (definition)
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| A skill learned during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development in which individuals can mentally arrange and compare objects. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Stage at which one can deal abstractly with hypothetical situations and reason logically. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | developmentally appropriate education (definition)
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| show | sign systems (definition)
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| The ability to think and solve problems without the help of others. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | private speech (definition)
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| Level of development immediately above a person's present level. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Support for learning and problem solving; might include clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking down the problem into steps, providing an example, or anything else that allows the student to grow in independence as a learner. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | The zone of proximal development is the level of development just above where a student is presently functioning.
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| show | emergent literacy
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| show | Piaget (who)
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| psychologist - 2 key ideas: 1. proposed that intellectual development can be understood only in terms of the historical and cultural contexts children experienc. 2 beleived that development depends on the sign systems that individuals grow up with. (who) | show 🗑
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| show | information-processing theory (definition)
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| Component of the memory system in which information is received and held for very short periods of time. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | perception (definition)
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| Active focus on certain stimuli to the exclusion of others. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | short-term or working memory (definition)
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| show | rehearsal (definition)
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| organizing material into familiar patterns can help students with what? | show 🗑
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| The components of memory in which large amounts of information can be stored for long periods of time. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A part of long-term memory that stores images of our personal experiences. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | semantic memory (definition)
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| show | procedural memory (definition)
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| important events that are fixed mainly in visual and auditory memory. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Mental networks of related concepts that influence understanding of new information.(definition) | show 🗑
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| show | levels-of-processing theory (definition)
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| Theory suggesting that information coded both visually and verbally is remembered better than information coded in only one of those two ways. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | interference (definition)
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| show | retroactive inhibition (definition)
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| Decreased ability to learn new information, caused by interference from existing knowledge. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | proactive facilitation (definition)
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| Increased comprehension of previously learned information because of the acquisition of new information. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | primacy effect (definition)
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| show | recency effect (definition)
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| show | automaticity (definition)
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| show | massed practice (definition)
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| Technique in which items to be learned are repeated at intervals over a period of time. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A learning process in which individuals physically carry out tasks. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | verbal learning (definition)
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| show | paired-associate learning (definition)
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| show | serial learning (definition)
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| show | free-recall learning (definition)
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| Mental visualization of images to improve memory. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | mnemonics (definition)
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| A strategy for improving memory by using images to link pairs of items. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A strategy for remembering lists by picturing items in familiar locations. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A strategy for memorization in which images are used to link lists of fats to a familiar set of words or numbers. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Strategies for learning in which initial letters of items to be memorized are made into a more easily remembered word or phrase. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | rote learning (definition)
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| Mental processing of new information that relates to previously learned knowledge. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Learned information that could be applied to a wide range of situations but whose use is limited to restricted, often artificial, applications. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Theory stating that information is stored in long-term memory in schemata(networks of connected facts and concepts), which provide a structure for making sense of new information. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Knowledge about one's own learning or about how to learn ("thinking about thinking"). (definition) | show 🗑
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| Methods for learning, studying, or solving problems. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Learning strategies that call on students to ask themselves who, what, where, and how questions as they read material. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A study strategy that requires decisions about what to write. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Writing brief statements that represent the main idea of the information being read. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | outlining (definition)
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| show | concept mapping (definition)
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| A study strategy that has students preview, question, read, reflect, recite, and review material. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Activities and techniques that orient students to the material before reading or class presentation. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Images, concepts, or narratives that compare new material to information students already understand. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | elaboration (definition)
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| A special program that is the subject of an experiment. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | variable (definition)
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| show | experiment (definition)
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| Selection by chance into different treatment groups; intended to ensure equivalence of the groups. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Experiment in which conditions are highly controlled. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The degree to which an experiment's results can be attributed to the treatment in question rather than other factors. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Experiment conducted under realistic conditions in which individuals are assigned by chance to receive different practical treatments or programs. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Group that receives treatment during an experiment. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | control group (definition)
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| Degree to which results of an experiment can be applied to real-life situations. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Experiment that studies a treatment's effect on one person or one group by contrasting behavior before, during,m and after application of the treatment. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | correlational study (definition)
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| show | positive correlation (definition)
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| Relationship in which high levels of one variable correspond to low levels of another. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | uncorrelated variables (definition)
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| Research study aimed at identifying and gathering detailed information about a topic of interest. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | action research (definition)
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| Policies in which struggling children are given intensive assistance and evaluated for possible special-education services only if they fail to respond. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | PREVENTION
whole class teaching
whole class reforms
improve classroom management
80%
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| Tier 2: | show 🗑
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| show | INTENSIVE INTERVENTION
1-1 or small group tutoring
additional time(after school, etc.)
provide intensive behavioral supports
5% of struggling students
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| show | full inclusion (definition)
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| General aptitude for learning, often measured by the ability to deal with abstractions and to solve problems. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | intelligence quotient (IQ) (definition)
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| In Gardner's theory of intelligence, a person's nin separate abilities: logical/mathematical, linguistic, musical, naturalist, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and existential. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | aptitude-treatment interaction (definition)
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| A model of effective instruction that focuses on elements teachers can directly control: quality, appropriateness, incentive, and time. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Curriculum sequences to which students of specified achievement or ability level are assigned. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The practice of grouping students in separate classes according to ability level. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | within-class ability grouping (definition)
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| A focus on having students in mixed-ability groups and holding them to high standards but providing may ways for students to reach those standards. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A method of ability grouping in which students in mixed-ability classes are assigned to reading or math classes on the basis of their performance levels. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A regrouping method in which students are grouped across grade lines for reading instruction. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | nongraded programs (definition)
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| An approach to teaching that adapts the content, level, pace, and products of instruction to accommodate different needs of diverse students in regular classes. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | achievement motivation (definition)
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| The goals of students who are motivated primarily by desire for knowledge acquisition and self-improvement. Also called mastery goals. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | performance goals (definition)
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| show | learned helplessness (definition)
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| show | motivation (definition)
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| show | deficiency needs (definition)
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| Needs for knowing, appreciating, and understanding, which people try to satisfy after their basic needs are met. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A person's ability to develop his or her full potential. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | attribution theory (definition)
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| show | locus of control (definition)
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| A theory of motivation based on the belief that people's efforts to achieve depend on their expectations of reward. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A theory that relates the probability and the incentive value of success to motivation. (definition) | show 🗑
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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