December exam review
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| show | The study of behaviour and mental processes (in humans and animals)
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| Methods of psychology | show 🗑
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| show | systematic observation= Field (naturalistic) observation, surveys, and "clinical" methods [**cannot explain anything, only describe]
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| Clinical Methods | show 🗑
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| Tests | show 🗑
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| Experimental drawbacks | show 🗑
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| show | systematic intervention= location, variables, characteristics:control and replication, and drawbacks
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| show | age, motivation, intellectual, education, sex
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| show | hearing, seeing, smelling (olfactory), taste (gustatory), skin, balance, kinaesthetic
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| Defining the term operationally | show 🗑
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| demand characteristics | show 🗑
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| show | gave an example of how women who were and weren't given liquor and how the non-liquor drinkers got very drunk and the opposite didn't
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| show | nothing other than the expectation that it will work does it actually
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| show | group with the least done to it
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| show | the "thing"
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| placebo | show 🗑
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| replication | show 🗑
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| variables | show 🗑
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| independent variable | show 🗑
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| dependent variable | show 🗑
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| perceptual organization | show 🗑
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| gestalts | show 🗑
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| principles of figure-ground | show 🗑
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| show | can occur from conflicting information
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| show | 25%
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| Stage 2 sleep | show 🗑
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| show | 5% (deepest sleep)
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| show | 20% (deepest sleep) recuperative sleep and if awoken there will be a spastic movement, and confusion/disorientation
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| REM sleep | show 🗑
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| medulla oblongata | show 🗑
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| Why we dream | show 🗑
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| DAMIT | show 🗑
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| show | represent desires free from the interference of the reality of the waking state
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| REM rebound | show 🗑
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| nightmare | show 🗑
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| show | there is breathing difficulty, and is a stage 4 awakening
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| Methods of threshold determination | show 🗑
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| Psychophysical Method | show 🗑
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| show | the study of the sensory consequences of controlled physical stimulation
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| show | the smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer (not a constant value that changes from person-to-person and situation-to-situation)
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| show | the smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared (JND-just noticeable difference)
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| Weber's law | show 🗑
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| show | 1) capacity/efficiency
2) stimulus intensity
3) motivation
4) expectation
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| show | the accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce (what makes our world perceptually stable)
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| learning | show 🗑
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| association | show 🗑
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| show | BEOFRE:includes a unconditioned stimulus which causes an unconditioned response DURING:the unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditioning response which causes the unconditioned response AFTER:the conditioned stimulus causes a conditioned response
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| show | phobias
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| show | objects which are similar to the conditioned stimulus may cause the same reaction (conditioned response) as the conditioned stimulus (ex. baby Albert becoming scared of furry things not just rats)
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| higher-order conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (if experience is very traumatic extinction may never occur)
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| spontaneous recovery | show 🗑
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| counter conditioning | show 🗑
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| Operant (instrumental) conditioning | show 🗑
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| operant responses are.. | show 🗑
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| show | If you do something and you like the result you'll do it again. If you do something and you don't like the result you probably won't do it again
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| show | decrease behaviour
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| show | a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the PRESENTATION of, or INCREASE in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur (
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| show | a decreased probability of responding
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| negative reinforcement | show 🗑
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| skinner box | show 🗑
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| schedules of reinforcement can be.. | show 🗑
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| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedules are.. | show 🗑
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| show | fixed ratio and variable ratio
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| show | fixed interval and variable interval
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| show | occurs after a fixed number of behaviours (there is a post-reinforcement pause)
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| variable ratio | show 🗑
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| reinforcement is and must.. | show 🗑
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| show | antrograde & retrograde
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| show | can only remember AFTER a certain point in time (usually due to a physical condition ex. head injury or old age)
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| two types of retrograde forgetting.. | show 🗑
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| show | motivated or selected forgetting (Freud believed in this, an it is controversial)
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| show | some memories simply diaper over time if they are not used (cannot say this for all memories)
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| distortion | show 🗑
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| Two types of transfers.. | show 🗑
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| show | forgetting previously learned material because of recently learned material - remembering of A is interfered with by more retaining of B (learn A, learn B, try to remember A)
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| show | forgetting recently learned material because of previously learned material - remembering of B is interfered with by older memory of A (learn A, learn B, try to remember B)
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| stimulus discrimination | show 🗑
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| positive & negative punishment both lead to.. | show 🗑
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| show | the partial or complete loss of memory for important personal information
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