psych & soc terms for new mcat_more soc than psych
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| illusion of vulnerability | creating optimism and encouragement of risk-taking
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| collective rationalization | ignoring warnings against group ideas
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| illusion of morality | believing group decisions are moral
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| excessive stereotyping | stereotypes constructed from group not normal to individual
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| pressure for conformity | pressure by group to conform, viewing individual as disloyal
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| self-censorship | keeping in opposing views from group
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| illusion of unanimity | falsely agreeing with group
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| mindguards | members have role of protecting group
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| assimilation - culture | individual's or group's behavior resemble that of another group
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| ethnic enclaves | China town/little Italy
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| anticipatory socialization | preparing for future change in status, occupation, living arrangements, relationships
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| resocialization | getting rid of old behaviors to favor new ones
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| norms | rules of society that define acceptable behavior; behavior, speech, dress, home life
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| mores | observed social norms
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| social control | norms provide this that governs behavior
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| taboo | socially unacceptable
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| folkways | norms that believe a certain behavior is polite, like shaking hands after tennis match
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| sanctions | penalites for misconduct to maintain social order
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| deviance | violation of norms
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| stigma | don't like HIV patients b/c have HIV
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| labeling theory | labels affect that person's self-image and how others perceive that person
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| differential association theory | deviance learned through others
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| aka for conformity | majority influence
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| normative conformity | desire to fit in for fear of rejection
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| internalization | changing personal behavior to fit in
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| indentification | accepting other's ideas w/out question
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| experimental example of conformity | Zimbardo's prison experiment
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| compliance | behavioral change due to direct request
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| foot-in-the-door technique | small request made, gains compliance, larger request made
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| door-in-the-face technique | large request made, if refused, a smaller request made
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| lowball technique | requestor gets commitment from individual, then raises cost of commitment; apply to money, time or effort
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| that's not all technique | individual makes an offer, before making decision told another deal even better
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| obedience | directly changing behavior in response to an authority
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| experiment showing obedience | Milgram; teacher/learner "please continue, no other choice"
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| primary socialization | childhood; initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes
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| secondary socialization | learning appropriate behavior w/in small groups in society. outside home based on rules of specific social environment
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| attitude | expression of + or - feelings towards place, person, scenario
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| affective (attitude) | attitude refers to way person feels toward something, emotional component of attitude
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| behavioral (attitude) | way person acts with respect to something
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| cognitive (attitude) | way individual thinks about something
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| four functions that attitudes serve | functional attitudes theory: knowledge, ego expression, adaptation and ego defense
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| knowledge, function of attitude | provides consistency and stability
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| ego-expressive | allow to communicate and solidify identity
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| adaptive, function of attitude | one will be accepted if normative values are demonstrated
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| ego-defensive, function of attitude | protect self-esteem or justify actions that know are wrong
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| learning theory | attitudes develop through different ways of learning
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| elaboration likelihood model | separates individuals on continuum, uses processing of persuasive information
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| central routine processing | deep thinking, elaborative thinking
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| peripheral route processing | do not elaborate in processing
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| social cognitive theory | people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing behaviors in others; behavior NOT learned by trial and error
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| Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation | personal factors/behavioral factors/environmental factors
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| statuses | positions in society used to classify others
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| three types of status | ascribed, achieved, master
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| ascribed status | given involuntarily, due to factors like race, ethnicity, gender and family background
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| achieved status | status gained by result of one's effort or choices, like being a doctor
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| master status | status which individual most identified
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| role | set of beliefs, values, attitudes, norms that define expectations for those who hold status
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| role performance | carrying out of behaviors associated with given role
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| role partner | person with whom one is interacting
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| role set | various roles associated with status
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| role conflict | difficulty in satisfying requirements or expectations in multiple roles
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| role strain | diff in satisfying multiple requires in same role
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| role exit | dropping one identity for another
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| group | 2+people sharing similar characteristics and sense of unity; belonging and acceptance
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| peer group | group by association of self-selected equals interests, age, and status
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| family group | not self-selected but determined by birth rank, adoption or marriage
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| in-groups | groups individual belongs
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| out-groups | individual competes with
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| reference groups | groups establish terms which individuals evaluate themselves
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| primary group | interactions direct, close bonds warm, personal, intimate
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| secondary group | interactions superficial, few emotional bonds
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| 2 major groups by Tonnies | Gemeinshcaft und Gesellschaft; community & society
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| interaction process analysis | technique for observing, classifying, and measuring interactions small groups
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| system for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG) | based on belief 3 fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominance vs.submission; friendliness vs. unfriendliness; instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive
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| group conformity | individuals compliant with group goals no matter what
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| groupthink | like group conformity but when members begin to focus on ideas generated w/in group, ignoring outside ideas
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| network | describes observable pattern of social relationships among individuals and groups
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| immediate networds | dense strong ties
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| distant networks | loose ties
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| organizations | groups setup to get to specific goals w/in a structure and culture
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| characteristic institution | basic organization of society; changes throughout history
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| bureaucracy | rational political organization, administration, discipline and control
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| iron law of oligarchy | democratic or bureaucratic systems shift to being ruled by elite group
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| McDonaldization | shift in focus towards efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in these societies
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| self-presentation | process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors
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| impression management | intentions to make another perceive a certain way about a person, place or thing
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| basic model of emotional expression | Darwin; emotional expression involves a number of components
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| appraisal model | accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but cognitive antecedent to emotion expression
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| social construction model | there is no biological basis for emotions; emotions based on experiences and situational context alone
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| display rules | cultural expectations of emotions and when and how emotions are expressed
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| cultural syndrome | beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, behavior among members of same culture organized around a central theme
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| impression management | attempts to influence how others perceive us
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| tactical self | person we market to others
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| dramaturgical approach | Goffman's description of impression management
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| 3 parts of impression management | authentic self; ideal self; tactical self
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| 2 parts of dramaturgical approach | front stage (puts on a front) & back stage (free to act however)
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| communication | includes speech, writing, signals, behavior
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| verbal communication | communicate through words, written or spoken
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| nonverbal communication | communication intentionally or unintentionally w/o words
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| animal communication | any behavior of one animal that affects behavior of another animal; visual cues/barring teeth
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| golden ratio | 1.618:1. humans attracted to individuals with certain body ratios
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| self-disclosure | sharing one's fears, thoughts and goals
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| reciprocal liking | people like others better when they believe a person likes them
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| proximity | just being physically close to someone playing a role in attraction
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| mere exposure effect or familiarity effect | people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
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| amygdala | part of brain for associating stimuli and corresponding rewards or punishments; telling us whether or not something is a threat
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| ______ important in managing the limbic system that manages ______ & _______ | prefrontal cortex manages limbic system that manages emotion & stress
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| cognitive neoassociational model | we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions
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| 4 main types of attachement styles | secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized SAAD or DAAS or DASA
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| secure attachement | child addicted to adult; unhappy when adult leaves; prefers caregiver
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| avoidant attachement | caregiver little or no response; child shows no preference over caregiver or stranger
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| ambivalent attachment | caregiver inconsistent; child does not consistently rely on caregiver; aka anxious-ambivalent attachement
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| disorganized attachment | no clear pattern; erratic behavior, social withdrawal from caregiver; red flag for abuse
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| social support | perception one is cared for by social network
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| emotional support | listening, affirming, empathizing with someone's feelings
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| esteem support | more affirming qualities and skills of a person
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| material support | aka tangible support; any type of financial or material contributions to another person; making a meal for a friend
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| informational support | providing information that will help someone
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| network support | social support that gives someone a sense of belonging
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| foraging | seeking out and eating food, biologically driven,
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| hypothalamus | hunger sensation control - later induces/ventromedial takes away
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| mating system | organization of a group's sexual behavior
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| mate choice, or intersexual selection | selection of mate based on attractiveness
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| mate bias | how choosy members of species are while choosing a mate
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| direct benefits of mate choice | providing material advantages
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| indirect benefits of mate choice | promoting better survival in offspring
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| 5 mechanisms of mate choice | phenotypic bias, sensory bias, Fisherian or runaway selection, indicator traits, genetic compatibility
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| phenotypic traits | measurable traits, like increased production and survival of offspring
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| sensory bias | development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exits in the population
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| Fisherian or runaway selection | positive feedback mechanism where a particular trait has no effect on survival and becomes more and more prominent; peacock
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| indicator traits | signify good health and well-being
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| genetic compatibility | mechanism for reduced frequency of recessive genetic disorders in the population; attraction to others who have definitely different genes
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| empathy-altruism hypothesis | one explanation for relationship between empathy and helping behavior
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| evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) | game theory studies sex ratios in various species, where an ESS is adopted in a group and natural selection prevents altering strategies from arising; purpose in game theory is to be more fit than competitors
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| Hawk-Dove game | access to shared food resources; example of pure competition
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| 4 conclusions to game theory, not Hawk-Dove | altruism -/+; cooperation +/+; spite -/-; selfishness +/-
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| inclusive fitness | measure of organism's success in population; promotes idea that altruistic behavior improves fitness and success of species as a whole
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| social perception aka social cognition | tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other people
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| perceive | influenced by experience, motives, emotional state
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| target | person which perception is made
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| stereotypes | the expections, impressions, and opinions about characteristics of a member of a group; cognitive
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| prejudice | overall attitude and emotional response to a group; affective
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| discrimination | differences in actions toward different groups; behavioral
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| primacy effect | idea that first impressions are most important
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| recency effect | most recent information is the most important
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| reliance on central traits | individuals organize perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target more relevant to perciever
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| halo effect | cognitive bias in judgements of specific individual can do no wrong
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| just-world-hypotheses | cognitive bias impression formation; good things happen to good people & bad things happen to bad people
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| self-serving bias | aka self-surving attributional bias: view success on internal factors and failure on external factors
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| self-enhancement | focus on the need to maintain self-worth and can be done through internal attribution of successes and external attribution of failures
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| attribution theory | tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior
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| two main categories for attribution theory | dispositional (internal) & situational (external)
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| dispositional (internal) attributions | those relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his or her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics
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| situational (external) attributions | those that relate to features of the surroundings, threats, money social norms and peer pressure
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| consistency cue | consistent behavior of a person over time
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| consensus cues | extent to which a person's behavior differs from others
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| distinctivenss cues | extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios; more varied then situational attribution explain it
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| correspondent inference theory | intentionality of a person's behavior; unexpected hurtful behavior explained with dispositional attribution
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| fundamental attribution error | we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative context
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| attribute substitution | when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic
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| stereotypes | when attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals
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| stereotype content model | classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions: warmth and competence
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| paternalistic stereotypes | high warmth, low competence; low status, not competitive; group is looked down on (housewives, elderly people, disabled)
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| admiration stereotypes | high status, not competitive; high competencen, high warmth; in-group & close ally; group viewed wiht pride and other positive feelings
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| contemptuous stereotype | low status, competitive; welfare recipients, poor people; group viewed with resentment, annoyance or anger
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| envious stereotype | high status, competitive; Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists; low warmth high competence; jealousy, bitterness, distrust
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| self-fulfilling prophecy | expectations create conditions that lead to confirmation of those expectation
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| stereotype threat | concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group - may cause to perform worse
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| prejudice | irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group or thing, prior to an actual experience with that entity
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| propaganda | ways large organizations create prejudices in others
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| power | ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and ability to control resources
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| prestige | level of respect shown to a person by others
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| cultural relativism | perrception of another culture as different from one's own but with the recognition that the cultural values, mores and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself
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