Campbell Reece Bio
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| micrograph | A photograph taken through a microscope.
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| light microscope (LM) | An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewer's eye or onto photographic film.
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| cell theory | The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.
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| electon microscope (EM) | An instrument that focuses an electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen. An electron microscope achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope
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| scanning electron microscope (SEM) | A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface architecture of a cell or other specimen.
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| transmission electron microscope (TEM) | A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens.
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| prokaryotc cells | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
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| eukaryotic cells | A type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells.
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| plasma membrane | The membrane that sets a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer in which are embedded molecules of protein and cholesterol.
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| chromosomes | A threadlike , gene-carrying structure found in the nuclueus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiossis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. Chromosomes consist of chromatin, a combination DNA and protein.
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| ribosomes | A cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. The ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus.
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| cytoplasm | Everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles.
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| nucleoid | A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
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| flagella | (plural, flagella) A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function. Like cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules covered by the cell's plasm
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| organelles | A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.
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| cellualr metabolism | The chemical activities of cells.
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| nuleus | (plural, nuclei) (1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell.
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| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing.
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| nuclear envelope | A double membrane, perforated with pores, which encloses the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the eukaryotic cell.
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| nucleolus | A structure within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits.
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| endomembrane system | A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
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| vesicles | A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | An extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. See also rough ER; smooth ER.
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | A network of interconnected membranous tubules in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
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| rough endoplasmic reticulum | A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. Rough ER membranes are studded with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
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| glycoprotein | A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptides linked to short chains of sugars.
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| transport vesicle | A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell. The vesicle buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi and eventually fuses with another membranous organelle or the plasma membrane, releasing its contents.
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| Golgi apparatus | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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| lysome | A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest the cell's food and wastes.
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| vacuoles | A membrane-enclosed sac that is part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell, having diverse functions.
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| central vacuole | A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.
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| peroxisome | An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
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| mitochondria | (plural, mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by two concentric membranes, it is where most of the cell's ATP is made.
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| intermembrane space | One of the two fluid-filled internal compartments of the mitochondrion. The intermembrane space is the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes.
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| mitochondrial matrix | The fluid contained within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
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| chloroplasts | A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
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| stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water; Sugars are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle.
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| thylakoid | One of a number of disk-shaped membranous sacs inside a chloroplast. Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and the enzymes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum.
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| granum | (plural, grana) A stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. Grana are the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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| endosymbiosos | A process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved from symbiotic associations between small prokaryotic cells living inside larger cells.
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| cytoskeleton | A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
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| microfilament | The thinnest of the three main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a solid, helical rod composed of the globular protein actin.
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| intermediate filamanet | An intermediate-sized protein fiber that is one of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments are ropelike, made of fibrous proteins.
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| microtubules | A transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.
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| centrioles | A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 and 0 pattern. An animal usually has a centrosome with a pair of centrioles involved in cell division.
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| cilia | A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two single microtubules covered by the cell's plasma membrane.
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| basal body | A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole.
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| extracellular matrix (ECM) | A substance in which the cells of an animal tissue are embedded; consists of protein and polysaccharides.
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| Integrin | A transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.
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| cell wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.
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| plasmodesmata | (plural, plasmodesmata) An open channel in a plant cell wall through which strands of cytoplasm connect from adjacent cells.
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