Exam #3
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| A relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through experience | learning
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| The process of learning by association; connecting two stimuli | classical conditioning
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| Discovered the form of classical conditioning learning | Ivan Pavlov
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| the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response | extinction
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| an emotional response to a particular stimulus acquired through classical conditioning | conditioned emotional reactions
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| They conducted experiments for conditioned emotional reactions | John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
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| What type of responses were John and Rosalie looking for? | fear of the related stimulus
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| excessive fears of particular objects or situations | phobia
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| a form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning (therapy for phobias or problem behaviors) | behavior therapy
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| responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur, whereas those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur | law of effect
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| proposed the law of effect | Edward Thorndike
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| strengthening of a response through the introduction of a stimulus after the response occurs | positive reinforcement
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| strengthening of a response through the removal of a stimulus after the response occurs | negative reinforcement
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| reinforces that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives (food) | primary reinforcers
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| the systematic application of learning principles to strengthen adaptive and weaken maladaptive behavior | behavior modification
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| the process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs | insight learning
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| learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and that is not displayed until reinforcement is provided | latent learning
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| learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others | observational learning (vicarious learning, modeling)
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| connection between desired behavior and the reinforcement | contingency
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| Three basic processes that make memory possible | encoding, storage, retrieval
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| the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory | encoding
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| the process of retaining information in memory | storage
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| the process of accessing and bringing into consciousness information stored in memory | retrieval
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| How is information encoded acoustically? | coded by sound
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| How is information encoded visually? | coded by forming a mental picture
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| How is information encoded semantically? | coded by meaning
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| cue associated with the original learning that facilitate the retrieval of memories | retrieval cue
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| a temporary storage device for holding sensory memories | sensory memory
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| A sensory store for holding a mental representation of a VISUAL image for a fraction of a second | ICONIC memory
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| a sensory store for holding a mental representation of a SOUND for a few seconds after it registers in the ears | ECHOIC memory
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| the memory subsystem that allows for retention and processing of newly acquired information for a maximum of 30 seconds | short term memory
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| conducted research on short term memory | George Miller
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| Explain the "Magic 7" barrier | people can normally repeat a maximum of 6-7 single syllable words they have just heard
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| the process of extending retention of information held in short term memory by consciously repeating the information | maintenance rehearsal
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| Tim Berners modeled the World Wide Web after? | the human brain
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| What was Tim Berners displaying with his world wide web? | semantic network
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| memory of facts and personal information that requires a conscious effort to bring to mind. "know that" | declarative memory (explicit memory)
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| memory of how to do things that require motor or performance skills. "know how" | procedural memory
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| A theory of forgetting that posits that memories consist of traces laid down in the brain that gradually deteriorate and fade away over time | decay (trace) theory
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| A form of interference in which material learned earlier interferes with retention of newly acquired information | proactive interference
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| a form of interference in which newly acquired information interferes with the retention of material learned earlier | retroactive interference
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| An experience in which people are sure they know something but can't seem to bring it to mind | tip of the tongue phenomenon
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| the tendency to recall items at the start or end of a list better than the items in the middle | serial position
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| Freudian theory; a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material | repression
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| loss of memory of past events | retrograde amnesia
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| loss or impairment of the ability to form or store new memories | anterograde amnesia
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| What is the purpose of the Hippocampus? | temporary storage bin for holding new memories until long term memory
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| a device for improving memory | mnemonic
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| the process of mentally representing and manipulating information | thinking
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| concepts with clearly defined rules for membership | logical concepts
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| concepts with poorly defined or fuzzy rules for membership | natural concepts
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| tendencies to rely on strategies that worked in similar situations in the past but that may not be appropriate to the present situation | mental sets
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| a system of communication composed of symbols (words and hand signs) that are arranged according to a set of rules (grammar) to form meaningful expressions | language
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| 4 basic components of language | phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics
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| the basic units of SOUND in a language | PHONEMES
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| the smallest units of MEANING in a language | MORPHEMES
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| the rules of grammar that determine how words are ordered within sentences or phrases to form meaningful expressions | syntax
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| the set of rules governing the meaning of words | semantics
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| the capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment and pursuing one's goals | intelligence
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| The type of intelligence test used today originated with the work of a Frenchman named _________ | Alfred Binet
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| developed the most widely used intelligence tests in the US and Canada for all ages; deviation IQ | David Wechsler
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| the stability of test scores over time | reliability
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| the degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure | validity
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| Self-fulfilling prophecy |
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| organized knowledge structure or set beliefs about the world; reflect our experiences and expectancies | memory schema
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| using pictures to remember words | visual imagery
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