Terms from Ch 5-8
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| Learning | show 🗑
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| show | The decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentation of the same stimulus
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| Classical conditioning | show 🗑
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| Neutral stimulus | show 🗑
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| show | A stimulus that brings about a particular response without having been learned
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| show | A response that is natural and needs no training (e.g. salivation at the smell of food)
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| show | a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with a unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused by the unconditioned stimulus
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| Conditioned Response (CR) | show 🗑
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| Phobias | show 🗑
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| Post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) | show 🗑
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| Extinction | show 🗑
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| show | The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
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| Stimulus Generalization | show 🗑
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| Stimulus discrimination | show 🗑
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| show | Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
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| Law of effect | show 🗑
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| Reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | Any stimulus that increases the probability that a behavior will occur again
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| Primary Reinforcer | show 🗑
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| Secondary Reinforcer(Conditioned reinforcer) | show 🗑
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| show | A stimulus that is added to the environment that brings about an increase in preceding response
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| Negative reinforcer | show 🗑
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| show | A stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again
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| Positive Punishment | show 🗑
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| Negative Punishment | show 🗑
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| Schedules of Reinforcement | show 🗑
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| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | show 🗑
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| Partial(intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule | show 🗑
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| show | A schedule in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made
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| show | A schedule in which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than a fixed number
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| show | A schedule in which reinforcement is provided for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed
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| Variable-interval Schedule | show 🗑
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| Discriminative stimulus | show 🗑
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| Shaping | show 🗑
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| show | Built-in limitations in the ability of animals to learn particular behaviors
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| show | A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
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| Interval Schedules | show 🗑
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| Cognitive Learning Theory | show 🗑
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| show | Learning in which a new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it (occurs without reinforcement)
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| show | Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model (social cognitive approach)
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| Learning Styles | show 🗑
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| Relational Learning Style | show 🗑
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| show | Learning style where one master material best when they first analyze the principles or components underlying an object, phenomenon, or situation by developing and understanding of the fundamental principles and components, and see the whole picture
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| Modeling | show 🗑
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| show | Involves creating a mental representation of a spatial location
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| show | 1)Identify goals and target behaviors
2)Design a data-recording system and recording preliminary data
3)Selecting a behavior-change strategy
4)Implementing the program
5)Keeping records after implementation
6)Evaluating and altering ongoing program
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| Skinner Box | show 🗑
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| Encoding | show 🗑
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| show | the maintenance of material saved in memory
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| Retrieval | show 🗑
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| show | The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information
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| show | The initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant.
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| Short-Term Memory | show 🗑
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| Long-Term Memory | show 🗑
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| show | memory that reflects information from the visual system
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| Echoic Memory | show 🗑
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| Chunk | show 🗑
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| Rehearsal | show 🗑
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| Elaborative rehearsal | show 🗑
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| Working Memory | show 🗑
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| show | the ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list an item appears
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| show | Items presented early in a list are remembered better
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| show | Items presented late in a list are remembered best
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| Declarative memory | show 🗑
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| show | Memory for skills and habits(how to do things)
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| Semantic Memory | show 🗑
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| show | Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context
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| show | Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information
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| show | Term for physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory
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| Hippocampus | show 🗑
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| show | Another part of the limbic system that is involved with memories of emotion
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| Long-term Potential | show 🗑
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| show | process in which memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory
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| show | The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows-a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory
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| Recall | show 🗑
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| show | Memory task that in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it previously or are asked to identify it from the list of alternatives
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| show | The theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which it is analyzed and considered
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| Explicit Memory | show 🗑
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| Implicit Memory | show 🗑
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| show | A phenomenon that occurs when exposure to a word or concept(called a prime) later makes it easier to recall related information
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| show | Memories related to a specific, important, or surprising event that are recalled easily and with vivid imagery
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| Constructive processes | show 🗑
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| show | Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled
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| show | Our recollections of our own life experiences
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| show | the loss of information in memory though nonuse
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| Interference | show 🗑
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| Cue-dependent forgetting | show 🗑
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| show | Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of new material
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| show | Interference in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier
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| Alzheimer's disease | show 🗑
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| Amnesia | show 🗑
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| show | amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event, but not for new events
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| show | Amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow and injury
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| show | a disease that afflicts long term alcoholics , leaving some abiliteis intact but including hallucinations and tendency to repeat the same story over and over
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| show | States that the passage of time always increases forgetting
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| Keyword Technique | show 🗑
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| show | the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, judging, and decision making
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| show | brain activity in which we mentally manipulate information, including words, visual images, sounds, or other data
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| Mental Images | show 🗑
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| Concepts | show 🗑
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| Prototypes | show 🗑
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| Algorithm | show 🗑
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| Heuristic | show 🗑
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| show | Preparation, Production, Judgement
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| Well-defined problem | show 🗑
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| Arrangement problems | show 🗑
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| Transformation problems | show 🗑
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| show | Involves repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists
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| Subgoals | show 🗑
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| Insight | show 🗑
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| Functional fixedness | show 🗑
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| Mental Set | show 🗑
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| show | bias in which problem solvers prefer their first hypothesis and ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions
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| Creativity | show 🗑
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| show | Thinking that generates unusual, yet appropriate, responses to problems or questions
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| show | Thinking in which a problem is viewed as having a single answer and which produces responses that are based on primarily on knowledge and logic.
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| Steps of Critical thinking | show 🗑
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| show | Involves judging the likelihood of an event occurring on the basis of how easy it is to think of examples
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| show | A rule we apply when we judge people by the degree to which they represent(i.e., stand for) a certain category of people
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| Language | show 🗑
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| show | The system or rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed
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| show | the study of phonemes and of the way we use those sounds to form words and produce meaning
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| show | the smallest unit of speech(800 different)
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| Syntax | show 🗑
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| show | the meaning of words and sentences
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| Babble | show 🗑
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| show | Language development early in life in which a child is particularly sensitive to language cues and most easily acquires language
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| show | Sentences in which only essential words are used
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| show | The phenomenon in which children employ rules even when doing so results in an error
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| Learning-Theory Approaches | show 🗑
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| show | The theory that humans are biologically pre-wired to learn language at certain times and in particular ways
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| Interactionists Approach | show 🗑
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| show | The hypothesis that language shapes and may determine the way people perceive and understand the world
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| Intelligence | show 🗑
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| g or g factor | show 🗑
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| Fluid Intelligence | show 🗑
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| Crystallized Intelligence | show 🗑
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| Theory of Multiple Intelligences | show 🗑
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| show | Involves identifying and thinking about the fundamental questions of human existence
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| show | Intelligence related to overall success in living
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| Emotional Intelligence | show 🗑
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| show | Test devised to quantify a person's level of intelligence
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| Mental Age | show 🗑
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| Intelligence Quotient(IQ) | show 🗑
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| show | Test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested
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| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV(WAIS-IV) & Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC-IV) | show 🗑
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| show | The property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure
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| Validity | show 🗑
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| Norms | show 🗑
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| show | Test for which norms have been developed
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| show | Every test-taker does not receive identical sets of test questions
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| Intellectual disability(mental retardation) | show 🗑
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| show | Intellectual disabilities with minor deficits(IQ scores from 55-69, constitute 90% of all people with intellectual disabilities)
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| show | The most common cause of intellectual disability in newborns produced by a mother's use of alcohol while pregnant
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| Down syndrome | show 🗑
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| Familiar Retardation | show 🗑
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| show | A process that increased educational opportunities for individuals with intellectual disabilities, facilitating their integration into regular classrooms as much as possible
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| show | Accounting for 2-4% of the population with IQ scores greater than 130
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| show | A test trial that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group
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| Heritability | show 🗑
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| Motivation | show 🗑
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| Instincts | show 🗑
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| Drive-reduction approaches to motivation | show 🗑
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| Drive | show 🗑
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| Primary Drives | show 🗑
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| Secondary Drives | show 🗑
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| Homeostasis | show 🗑
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| show | The belief that each person tries to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity
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| Incentive | show 🗑
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| show | Theory that suggests that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards, known as incentives
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| show | Theory that suggest that motivation is a result of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
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| show | motivation that causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us
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| show | Motivation that causes us to do something for money, a grade, or some other actual, concrete reward
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| show | A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way
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| show | Body weight that is more that 20% above the average weight for a person of a particular height
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| Body Mass Index(BMI) | show 🗑
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| Hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| show | The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain
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| show | The rate at which food is converted into energy and expended by the body
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| show | A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance-which can become skeleton-like are unusual
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| Bulimia | show 🗑
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| Androgens | show 🗑
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| Genitals | show 🗑
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| Estrogens | show 🗑
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| Ovulation | show 🗑
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| Masterbation | show 🗑
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| Heterosexuality | show 🗑
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| show | View that premarital sex is permissible for males, but not for females
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| show | Sexual activity between a married person and someone who is not his or her spouse
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| Homosexuality | show 🗑
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| Bisexuality | show 🗑
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| show | People whose sexual identification is with the opposite gender from that they were born with.
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| show | A stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for an achieving challenged goals
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| Need for Affiliation | show 🗑
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| Need for Power | show 🗑
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| Emotions | show 🗑
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| James-Lange Theory of emotion | show 🗑
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| Visceral experience | show 🗑
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| Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion | show 🗑
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| Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion | show 🗑
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| Six basic emotions | show 🗑
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| show | Activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the face display the appropriate expression
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| show | The hypothesis that facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience but also help determine how people experience and label emotions
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