Disorder basics
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| According to psychologists and psychiatrists, psychological disorders are marked by a “________ significant disturbance in an individual’s ________ , emotion ________, or _______ ” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). | Clinical ; Cognition ; Regulation ; Behavior
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| Such thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are dysfunctional or __________ . | Maladaptive
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| Describe the earliest therapy. | “Therapy” often involved physical and mental torture.
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| Who recognized abnormal behavior as sickness of the mind | Philippe Pinel (1745–1826)
– Opposed barbaric treatments of patients.
– Introduced and encouraged reforms and humane treatments.
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| By the _______s the search began for physical causes of mental disorders and for curative treatments. | 1800
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| With the medical model of mental disorders, mental illness is to be diagnosed on the basis of ________ and treated through therapy, often in a _________ hospital. | Symptoms ; Psychiatric
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| Reinvigoration of the medical model has come from recent research in _________ influenced brain abnormalities in brain structure and biochemistry. | Genetically
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| General approach positing that biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness | The Biopsychosocial Approach
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| Some symptoms of disorders are culture-related, which points to environmental influences. – For example, the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur mostly in ...... | Food abundant cultures.
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| Depression and _________ occur worldwide. | Schizophrenia
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| The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change. | Epigenetics
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| Disorders reflect – Genetic __________ and physiological states – Psychological _______ – Social and cultural circumstances | Predispositions ; Dyanamics
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| The_________ approach emphasizes that mind and body are inseparable. | Biopsychosocial
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| _________ shows that our environment can affect the expression (or not) of a gene, thus affecting the development of psychological disorders. | Epigenetics
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| What is the medical model? | Physical causes of mental disorders curative treatments.
• With the medical model of mental disorders, mental illness is to be diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and
treated through therapy, often in a psychiatric hospital.
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| Classification orders and describes __________ | Symptoms
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| Diagnostic classification in psychiatry and psychology attempts to: – P – S – P | – Predict the disorder’s future course
– Suggest appropriate treatment
– Prompt research into its causes
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| The most common tool for system for classifying disorders is the......______________ now in its fifth edition (DSM-5), 2013 | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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| DSM-5 ; Published by the _________ Psychiatric Association – Describes disorders and estimates their _________ | American ; Occurrence
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| In the new DSM-5, some changes include: | - Some label changes (e.g., autism spectrum disorder)
– New categories: Hoarding disorder, binge-eating disorder
– New or altered diagnoses—some controversial (concern that simple bereavement may be too quickly diagnosed as a depressive disorder)
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| DSM criticisms include: | – Too wide a net
– Antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on field trials
– DSM-5 continues the path of potentially pathologizing everyday life
– Labels are or may act as society’s subjective value judgments
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| DSM benefits include: | – Helping mental health professionals communicate
– It is useful in research
– Clients often relieved to identify suffering
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| Marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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| ___ percent American 4- to 17-year-olds receive this diagnosis after displaying its key symptoms; _____ percent adults have ADHD symptoms. | 11% ; 2.5%
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| – Those who say ADHD is overdiagnosed argue: | • “ disorder” of having a Y chromosome; ADHD is three times more prevalent in boys than girls.
• ADHD may in effect be marketed by companies that offer drugs for its treatment (Thomas, 2015).
• Energetic child + boring school = ADHD diagnoses?
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| – Alternate view of those arguing that ADHD is not overdiagnosed: | • More frequent diagnoses due to increased
awareness of disorder
• Scientific community agrees ADHD is a real neurobiological disorder
• Coexists with learning disorders • Is heritable • It is treatable with medications
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| DO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS PREDICT VIOLENT BEHAVIOR? | Mental disorders seldom lead to violence and clinical prediction of violence is unreliable.
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| Most people with disorders are non_______ and are more likely to be ________ than perpetrators of violence. | Nonviolent ; Victim
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| When they are violent, moral and ethical questions about whether society should hold people with disorders ________ for their violent actions are raised. | Responsible
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| Triggers for violence acts by people with mental disorders, in addition to disordered thinking, include _______ _________ . | Substance abuse.
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| The U.S. National institute of Mental Health estimates just over __ in __ adult Americans “suffer from a ________ mental disorder in a given year” (Kessler et al., 2008). | 1 in 4 ; Diagnosable
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| Immigrant paradox | Those born to immigrants to the United States at greater risk of mental disorder than the immigrants (for example, Mexican-Americans born in the U.S.).
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| Poverty is a risk factor | – Incidence of serious psychological disorders is doubled .
– Conditions and experiences associated with poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders.
– Some disorders can drive people into poverty; correlation goes both ways
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| AGE USUALLY SHOWN: Antisocial personality disorder | 8
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| AGE USUALLY SHOWN: Phobias | 10
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| AGE USUALLY SHOWN: Alcohol use disorder | 20
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| AGE USUALLY SHOWN: Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 20
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| AGE USUALLY SHOWN: Schizophrenia | 20
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| AGE USUALLY SHOWN: Major depressive disorder | 25
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