Moral Development
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| Lawrence Kohlberg; Theory of Moral Develpment | theory builds on Piaget's stages of cognition to describe stages of moral development; focuses on how people reason to determine moral development; proposed that moral development is continual across lifespan.
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| 3 Levels & 6 Stages of Moral Development | Level 1: Preconventional; Level 2: Conventional; Level 3: Post Conventional
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| Level 1: Preconventional Morality | emphasis on getting rewards and avoiding punishments, self-centered level
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| 2 Stages in Preconventional | Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment; Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
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| Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment | earliest stage of moral development in young children (but adults capable of expressing this type of reasoning); see rules as fixed and absolute; obeying rules is important b/c it is a means to avoid punishment; "might makes right"
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| Stage 2:Individualism and Exchange | chidlen accounts for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs; serving self interest; "look out for #1"
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| Level 2: Conventional Morality | emphasis is placed on social rules; commmunity center level
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| 2 stages in Conventional | Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships; Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order
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| Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships | referred to as the "good boy-good girl" orientation; focused on living up to social expectations and roles; emphasis on conformity, being "nice" and consideration of how choices influence relationships
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| Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order | people begin to consider society as a whold when making judgements; focus on maintaining law and order by following rules, doing one's duty and respecting authority, "law & order"
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| Level 3: Postconventional Morality | emphasis placed on moral principles; centered on ideals
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| 2 stages of postcoventional morality | Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights; Stage 6: Universal Principles
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| Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights | people begin to account for differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people; rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards; everyone should benefit and mutual agreement
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| Stage 6: Universal Principles | based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning; people follow these internalize principles of justice, even if the conflict with laws and rules; human rights for all, ethical values
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| Criticism of Kohlburg's Theory of Moral Development | Criticized regarding gender and culture; every culture has distintive values and morals; different cultures may place more emphasis than others
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| Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior? | Differences between know what we ought to do verses our actual actions; theory focuses on "moral thinking" rather than actual behavior
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| Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider? | Critics state that Kohlberg's moral development overemphasizes the concept of justice; other factors such as compassion, caring, and other personal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning
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| Does Kohlberg's theory overemphasize Western philosophy? | Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights whil collectivistic cultures stress importance of society and community; cultures may have different moral outlooks than Kohlberg's theory
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| The Heinz Dilemma | Kohlberg based his theory upon research and interview with groups of young children. A series of moral dilemmas were presented to children, who were then interviewed to determine the reasoning behind their judgements of each scenario.
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| Heinz Steals the Drug | Story based on a man who steals a drug from a druggist that could possibly cure his dying wife. The man steals b/c he does not have money. Kohlberg was not interested in a right or wrong answer, but more about the reasoning for the decision
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