Many of these biases are studied for how they affect belief formation, business
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| Bandwagon effect | show 🗑
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| show | ignoring available statistical data in favor of particulars.
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| show | the tendency not to compensate for one's own cognitive biases.
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| Choice-supportive bias | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
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| Congruence bias | show 🗑
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| Contrast effect | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency to look at things according to the conventions of one's own profession, forgetting any broader point of view.
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| show | the tendency to spend more money when it is denominated in small amounts (e.g. coins) than large amounts (e.g. bills).
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| Distinction bias | show 🗑
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| show | "the fact that people often demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay to acquire it".
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| Experimenter's or Expectation bias | show 🗑
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| Extraordinarity bias | show 🗑
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| Extreme aversion | show 🗑
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| show | prediction bias occurring when people place too much importance on one aspect of an event; causes error in accurately predicting the utility of a future outcome.
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| show | Using an approach or description of the situation or issue that is too narrow. Also framing effect
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| show | the tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs, where the tendency increases the closer to the present both payoffs are.
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| show | the tendency for human beings to believe they can control or at least influence outcomes that they clearly cannot.
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| show | the tendency for people to overestimate the length or the intensity of the impact of future feeling states.
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| Information bias | show 🗑
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| Irrational escalation | show 🗑
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| show | "the disutility of giving up an object is greater than the utility associated with acquiring it". (see also sunk cost effects and Endowment effect).
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| Mere exposure effect | show 🗑
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| Moral credential effect | show 🗑
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| show | the need to reach a verdict in important matters; to have an answer and to escape the feeling of doubt and uncertainty. The personal context (time or social pressure) might increase this bias.
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| Neglect of probability | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency to ignore that a product or solution already exists, because its source is seen as an "enemy" or as "inferior".
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| show | the tendency to judge harmful actions as worse, or less moral, than equally harmful omissions (inactions).
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| show | the tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made.
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| Planning fallacy | show 🗑
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| Post-purchase rationalization | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency to make risk-averse choices if the expected outcome is positive, but make risk-seeking choices to avoid negative outcomes.
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| Reactance | show 🗑
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| Restraint bias | show 🗑
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| Selective perception | show 🗑
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| Semmelweis reflex | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency for people to like things to stay relatively the same (see also loss aversion, endowment effect, and system justification).
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| show | the tendency for an item that "stands out like a sore thumb" to be more likely to be remembered than other items.
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| show | the formation of beliefs and the making of decisions according to what is pleasing to imagine instead of by appeal to evidence or rationality.
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| Zero-risk bias | show 🗑
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