a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of
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| show | remembering chosen options as having been better than rejected options (Mather, Shafir & Johnson, 2000).
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| Change bias | show 🗑
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| Childhood amnesia | show 🗑
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| Consistency bias | show 🗑
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| show | that cognition and memory are dependent on context, such that out-of-context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories (e.g., recall time and accuracy for a work-related memory will be lower at home, and vice versa).
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| show | a form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory.
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| show | recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g. remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as being bigger than it really was.
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| show | the inclination to see past events as being predictable; also called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect.
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| Humor effect | show 🗑
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| Generation effect (Self-generation effect) | show 🗑
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| Illusion-of-truth effect | show 🗑
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| Lag effect | show 🗑
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| show | memory distortions introduced by loss of details in recollection over time, often concurrent with sharpening/selective recollection of certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to details/aspects of experience lost through leveling
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| show | that different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness (Craik & Lockhart, 1972).
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| show |
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| Misinformation effect | show 🗑
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| show | when information is retained in memory but the source of the memory is forgotten. One of Schacter's (1999) Seven Sins of Memory, Misattribution was divided into Source Confusion, Cryptomnesia and False Recall/False Recognition.
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| Modality effect | show 🗑
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| show | the improved recall of information congruent with one's current mood.
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| Next-in-line effect | show 🗑
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| Part-list cueing effect | show 🗑
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| Peak-end effect | show 🗑
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| show | the unwanted recurrence of memories of a traumatic event.
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| show | that concepts are much more likely to be remembered experientially if they are presented in picture form than if they are presented in word form.
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| Positivity effect | show 🗑
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| Processing difficulty effect | show 🗑
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| show | that the first items on a list show an advantage in memory.
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| show | that the last items on a list show an advantage in memory.
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| show | the recalling of more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime periods (Rubin, Wetzler & Nebes, 1986; Rubin, Rahhal & Poon, 1998).
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| Rosy retrospection | show 🗑
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| Serial position effect | show 🗑
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| Self-relevance effect | show 🗑
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| show | misattributing the source of a memory, e.g. misremembering that one saw an event personally when actually it was seen on television.
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| Spacing effect | show 🗑
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| show | memory distorted towards stereotypes (e.g. racial or gender), e.g. "black-sounding" names being misremembered as names of criminals (Schacter, 1999).
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| show | the weakening of the recency effect in the case that an item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall (Morton, Crowder & Prussin, 1971).
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| Suggestibility | show 🗑
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| Telescoping effect | show 🗑
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| show | that frequent testing of material that has been committed to memory improves memory recall.
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| show | inability to recall parts of an item, or related information, but is frustratingly unable to recall the whole item. This is thought to be an instance of "blocking" where multiple similar memories are being recalled and interfere with each other
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| Verbatim effect | show 🗑
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| Von Restorff effect | show 🗑
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| show | that uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones.
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