Exam 3 Terms (Ch 6, 7, 8)
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| Psychoanalysis | The study of the dynamics of the mind developed by Sigmund Freud
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| Analytical Psychology | The study of the personal and collective unconscious developed by Carl Jung
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| Unconscious | The part of the mind outside of conscious awareness
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| Conscious | The part of the mind within our usual awareness
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| Transference | The way the client perceives the therapist
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| Free Association | A psychoanalytic technique involving saying whatever comes into your head
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| Pleasure Principle | The driving force of the unconscious that wants whatever brings pleasure
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| Reality Principle | The goals of the conscious mind, which finds what works in reality
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| Structural Model | Sigmund Freud’s model of the mind with three parts: the id (or “it”), the ego (or “I”), and the super-ego (or “above I”)
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| Cathexis | The attachment of libido to thoughts, objects, or parts of the body
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| Collective Unconscious | Carl Jung’s term for the unconscious archetypes shared by all humans
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| Archetypes | Unconscious psychic structures shared by all people
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| Self | The archetype at the center of the collective unconscious
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| Synchronicity | An acausal connecting principle in which things go together but are not causally linked
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| Moving Toward | Connecting with others as a way of dealing with anxiety
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| Moving Against | Gaining control in a competitive world through exploitativeness and aggressiveness
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| Moving Away | Trying to find peace by avoiding others and escaping conflict
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| Object Relations Theory | A model for understanding individuals by examining how they think about other people
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| Goals | Specific outcomes people desire
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| Motives | The psychological entities that drive us to behave in ways that will help us meet our goals
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| Needs | Something that is necessary to survive or thrive
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| Humanistic Psychology | A branch of psychology focused on the “whole person,” including free will, creativity, and human potential
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| Self-Actualization | The need to actualize or “make actual” your unique talents and abilities
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| Implicit Motives | Unconscious motivations, usually measured with projective tests
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| Projective Measures | Indirect measures
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| Self-Determination Theory | Argues that three needs – autonomy, competence, and relatedness – can explain much of human behavior
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| Intrinsic Goals | Personal growth, affiliation, and community feeling
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| Mindfulness | Being aware of your thoughts and feelings without becoming attached to them
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| Meaning in Life | Having a purpose and putting time and energy into attaining important goals
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| Behaviorism | A branch of psychology that focuses on (relatively) simple explanations for outward behavior and is unconcerned with the inner workings of the mind
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| Operant Conditioning | Shaping behavior through rewards and punishments
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| Shaping | Gradual training that rewards behavior progressively closer to the desired one
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| Reinforcement Schedule | Giving out rewards for good behavior at certain intervals
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| Socialization | How children learn to become mature members of society; also known as acculturation
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| Social Learning | Observational learning that occurs when someone watches others get rewarded or punished for behavior
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| Reciprocal Determinism | The idea that people choose the environments they enter and then change them
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| Expectancies | What someone expects to happen, based on past experiences of what was rewarding
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| External Locus of Control | Believing that events are more a matter of luck and the arbitrary decisions of powerful people
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| Classical Conditioning | Associating two things not normally associated with each other
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| Conditioned Response | The response produced by the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning (e.g., salivation following the sound of the bell)
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| Generalization | When a conditioned response is elicited in response to things similar to the conditioned stimulus
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| Discrimination | Narrowing the conditions that produce the conditioned response
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| Habituation | Getting used to something in the environment and not responding as strongly anymore
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| Systematic Desensitization | A treatment for phobias that attempts to reduce fear in many small steps by associating the feared thing with calmness
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