Exam 1
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| 3 factors that contribute to the cost of automation | maintenance, personnel training, analyzer cost
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| lab characteristics used to justify the cost of automation | lab size, workflow, specimen volume, safety advantages
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| Ordering automation | electronic orders, standing orders, generated bar-codes with important patient info
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| Transportation automation | P-tube, track systems
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| Receiving automation | LIS
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| Reporting results automation | can go directly into clinician electronically, results can go to medical records to be apart of patients chart
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| Maintenance of quality across all aspects of the testing process | quality assurance
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| purpose of quality assurance | to evaluate the system and prevent errors
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| Which phase of testing accounts for the most laboratory error and why | Pre-analytical because there's less automation for this and we see an increase with human error
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| What is the purpose of quality control material | provides us with insight on how the analyzers are functioning and the accuracy of the test results
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| why liquid QC over lyophilized | more stable and decreases pipetting errors during reconstitution
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| analyzed by the manufacturer so the concentration of the analyses they contain is known | assayed QC
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| concentration of the analyses is unknown and must be determined by the lab | unassayed QC
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| When is it necessary to repeat QC material | maintenance is done, something is suspected to be wrong, reagent lot change, major component replacement
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| A sudden change due to an analyzer malfunction | shift
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| a gradual change due to reagent deterioration | drift
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| What steps do you need to take in evaluating a failed QC run | rerun once, ask questions, contact service technician if problem is not resolved
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| concentration of a substance is proportional to the amount of light absorbed | beers law
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| measures the intensity of light at selected wavelength | absorbance spectrophotometry
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| two factors that quantitative measurement using absorbance spectrophotometry depend on | color, intensity of the color
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| examples of monochromator in modern technology | filters, prism, grating
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| two types of photoelectric cells | barrier layer cell, photomultiplier tubes
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| measure light reflected from the surface of a colorimetric reaction | reflectance spectrophotometry
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| Name the layers in dry-slide technology | spreading, scavenger, reagent, indicator, support layer, spectrophotometer
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| sample is distributed evenly | spreading layer
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| filters out substances that could interfere with results | scavenger layer
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| reagent reacts with sample | reagent layer
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| reacted sample collects for spectral analysis | indicator layer
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| optical interface | support
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| measures the absorption of light by an element in its ground state | atomic absorption spectrometry
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| example of a lab test performed using atomic absorption spectrometry | determining blood lead levels
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| Valence electrons from some substances are able to absorb light energy, exciting the electron, electron returns to ground state and gives up energy as a photon of light which results in a fluorescence emission | fluorometry
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| compounds that can re-emit light upon excitation; produces color in testing | fluorochromes/fluorophores
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| commonly used fluorescent dye in the lab | fluorescein isothiocyanate (green)
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| two ways light scatter is measured | turbidimetry, nephelometry
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| Which form of light scatter is more sensitive | nephelometry because more light is scattered than transmitted
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| the measurement of the reduction of light transmitted through a solution caused by particle formation | turbidimetry
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| test done by turbidimetry | PT/INR; clot formation
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| the measurement of scattered light by a particulate solution | nephelometry
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| lab test performed by nephelometry | antibody-antigen reactions (rheumatoid factor)
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| impedance-based technology that is used to analyze cells | flow cytometry
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| Four main component of a flow cell cytometer | cells, illumination, fluidics, detectors/electronics
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| sample cell suspension is injected into the center of a rapidly flowing stream to pass the sample through the analysis point one at a time | hydrodynamic focusing
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| what is forward scatter | lenses collect light and focus it on a photodiode and the light is converted to electrical current; measures cell size
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| what is side scatter | uses wavelength-specific mirrors and filters to transmit light specific to the wavelength of the dye that is used; measures cell complexity
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| lab test performed by flow cytometry | immunophenotyping cells
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| radiation detector that counts radioactive labels | scintillation counter
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| disadvantages of RIA | lot of radioactive waste, short shelf life of radioactive isotopes
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| what replaced RIA | Chemiluminescence
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| what are immunoassays used to measure | antibody-antigen reactions
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| liquid phase and require no wash step, competitive format | homogenous assay
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| has solid phase, requires a wash step and can be competitive or non | heterogenous assay
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| 3 categories of immunoassay labels | enzymes, fluorogens, chemiluminescent
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| What are the two main classifications of radiation | ionizing and non
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| examples of ionizing radiation | microwave and radio
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| examples of non-ionizing radiation | x-rays and gamma
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| difference btwn electromagnetic radiation and particulate radiation | electromagnetic carries no charge while particulate are charged particles (alpha and beta)
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| what makes an atom radioactive | unbalanced protons and neutrons = unstable nucleus
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| Three types of decay an atom can undergo | alpha, beta, gamma
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| unstable nucleus gives up 2 protons and 2 neutrons which leads to an atomic mass and number change | alpha
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| ejects and electron, converting a neutron to a proton which leads to an atomic number change but the same mass | beta
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| what would stop alpha radiation | paper
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| what would stop beta radiation | block of wood
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| what would stop gamma radiation | lead
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| what type of radiation is emitted from a patient undergoing testing in nuclear medicine | gamma
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| four examples of how we use radiation in the clinical lab | radioimmunoassays, x-rays, MRI, CT
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| what assay is used in the echo analyzer | capture assay
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