Chapter 3
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| "The electrical signals by which neurons communicate quickly over long distances." | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Feeding 2.Fleeing 3.Fighting 4.Fornication (reproducing)
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| What is the overall goal of the nervous system? | show 🗑
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| Neuron communicatie in a vaste network by ____ and ____ signals. | show 🗑
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| show | Neurons
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| show | Membrane
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| What are the 4 zones of importance in neurons? | show 🗑
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| show | Dendrites
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| "The largest part of the neuron, it contains the nucleus and most of the specialized organelles of the cell." | show 🗑
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| show | Nucleus
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| The ___ plays a key role in integrating the signals coming from the dendrites. | show 🗑
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| "The long projection from the cell body of the neuron that is specialized for conveying information away from the neuron." | show 🗑
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| What are 3 ways axons differ from dendrites? | show 🗑
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| "Branches at the end of the axon, from which neurotransmitters are released. Optimized for the output of signals." | show 🗑
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| show | Synapses
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| show | Dendrites, soma, axon, axon terminal
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| "Neurons that directly respond to signals from the outside environment (ex: light, sound waves, pressure, odors, etc.)" | show 🗑
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| show | Motor neurons
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| show | Afferent neurons
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| _____ neurons are efferent because they carry information out of the brain to effector organs (ex: muscles or glands). | show 🗑
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| show | Sensory
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| show | Efferent neurons
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| What are the 3 different type of neuron shapes? | show 🗑
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| show | Multipolar neurons
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| "Neurons with just one dendrite and one axon connected to the cell body." | show 🗑
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| "Neurons with just one conncetion to the cell body; leaves the soma and branches in 2 directions. One end receives the information and the other end serves for output." | show 🗑
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| "Neurons all share the common feature of being _____; that is, they do not divide like many other cell types in the body." | show 🗑
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| show | sensory, touch, pain
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| Neurons are a type of ____. | show 🗑
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| What are 3 functions of the glial cell? | show 🗑
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| "A class of non-neuron cells within the nervous system that perform a range of supporting functions to ensure an optimal environment for the neurons themselves." | show 🗑
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| What are the 4 basic types of glial cells? | show 🗑
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| show | Oligodendrocytes
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| Oligodendrocytes are found only in the _____ nervous system. | show 🗑
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| "Glial cells that wrap myelin around the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system." | show 🗑
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| "A fatty material wrapped around the axons of neurons that provides electrical insulation of the membrane and thereby increases the speed of conduction of action potentials along the axon." | show 🗑
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| show | Myelin sheaths
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| "Gaps in the myelin sheaths that enable ions to cross the neuronal membrane in order to distribute the action potential along the axon." | show 🗑
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| show | peripheral
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| show | 1.Physical structural support 2.Maintain the balance of chemicals outside the neurons 3.Repair injuries in the central nervous system 4.Contrivute nutrients 5.Regulate blood flow to a region 6.Release chemical signals
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| "A star-shaped glial cell that regulates the chemical concentration gradient (increase or decrease) around the neurons." | show 🗑
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| show | Microglia
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| "Chemical substances, released when a neuron is active, that transmits signals to another neuron, changing that second neuron's activity." | show 🗑
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| "The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons across which the neurotransmitters diffuse." | show 🗑
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| show | Synaptic vesicles
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| show | Acetylcholine
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| show | Monoamines
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| show | Catecholamines
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| show | Amino acids
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| show | Glutamate
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| "The major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous sytem in the vertebrate organisms. Is an amino acid. | show 🗑
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| "Neurotransmitters that are built from short chains of amino acids." | show 🗑
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| show | Retrograde transmitters
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| show | retrograde, postsynaptic, presynaptic
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| show | 1.Monoamines 2.Amino acids 3.Peptide neurotransmitters 4.Gases 5.Organic cation
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| show | 1.Dopamine 2.Serotonin 3.Epinephrine 4.Norepinephrine 5.Melatonin
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| show | 1.Gultamate 2.Aspartate 3.GABA 4.Glycine
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| show | 1.Cholecystokinin 2.Somatostatin 3.Neuropeptide Y
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| Name 2 examples of neurotransmitter gases. | show 🗑
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| Name 1 organic cation (neurotransmitter) | show 🗑
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| "Proteins embedded in the cell membrane that are specialized to interact with neurotransmitters and extert signaling effects on the cell, via mechanisms such as ion channels or metabolic signaling pathways." | show 🗑
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| "Receptors that, when activated by a neurotransmitter, open a channel through the cell membrane to allow ions to enter ot leave the cell." | show 🗑
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| "(Receptors) When activated by a neurotransmitter, exert effects on neural activity via cell-signaling pathways (ex: G-proteins); in contrast, ionotropic receptors contain channels & exert effects directly by altering the membrane potential of a neuron." | show 🗑
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| show | G-coupled protein receptor
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| "Molecules located on the inner surface of the cell membrane that carry the signal from the G-couple receptor to the metabolic cellular machinery that is the ultimate target of the signaling pathway." | show 🗑
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| show | Second messengers
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| show | Ion channels
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| show | Degradation
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| "The process through which neurotransmitters are inactivate by being transported back into the presynaptic neuron, where they can be reused (most common)." | show 🗑
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| "Proteins that move neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse across the cell membrane and back into the axon terminals as part of the reuptake process." | show 🗑
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| show | 1,Degradation 2.Reuptake 3.Diffusion
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| show | Membrane potential
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| "Change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic membrane > the inside of the cell becomes less negative, normally because of positively charged ions entering the cell; usually results from the release of excitatory neurotransmitters at the synapse." | show 🗑
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| "Change in membrane potential of the postsynaptic membrane> inside of the cell becomes more -ve, because of + charged ions exciting the cell or - charged ions entering the cell; usually results from release of inhibitory neurotransmitters at the synapse." | show 🗑
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| The process of neurotransmission is the main target for ___ and ___ that affect mood and cognition (outside world function). | show 🗑
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| It is not the transmitter molecule itself that is excitatory or inhibitory; it is the action of the _____ that determines the effect. | show 🗑
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| "A rapid change in the neuron's membrane potential that is used to transmit information from the cell body to the presynaptic terminal." | show 🗑
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| "The process by which EPSPs and IPSPs that occur at slightly different times can combine to change the cell membrane's potential." | show 🗑
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| "The idea that EPSPs and IPSPs that occur at different locations along the cell's membrane at approximately the same time can combine to change the cell membrane's potential." | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Temporal summation 2.Spatial summation
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| show | When EPSPs and IPSPs arrive close in time and their contributions add up at the soma, leading to an action potential.
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| show | When signals arrive on different branches of the dendrites, converging at the soma, leading to an action potential
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| show | Depolarized
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| "(Action potential) The membrane potential at which a neuron will generate an action potential, typically, this is about -60 mV." | show 🗑
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| "The portion of the axon that connects to the cell bosy. It is the most excitable part of the neuron and therefore the location where spikes (action potentials) are initiated." | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Sodium (Na+) 2.Potassium (K+)
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| When the cell is at rest, there is a high concentration of ___ on the outside of the cell (with a much lower concentration on the inside) and a high concentration of ___ inside the cell (with a much lower concentration on the outside). | show 🗑
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| "Ion channels that change from a closed to an open state when the membrane potential reaches a certain value. These types of channels play an important role in triggering and propagating action potentials along the axon." | show 🗑
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| "The difference in concentration between ions outside versus inside the cell; ions move down the gradient, from an area of higher concentration to an area or lower concentration." | show 🗑
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| "The difference in eletrical charge between 2 regions, such as the inside and outside of the cell; ions will move down the grdient toward the area with the opposite charge (This is why Na+ ions will find a way into the cell when the channels open)." | show 🗑
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| show | Refractory period
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| Why can't the action potential move back to a location where it has already occured, but can only travel forward? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Concentration gradient 2.Electrical gradient
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| "The distribution of an action potential along a myelinated axon, in which the axon potential "jumps" along the axon from one node of Ranvier to the next." | show 🗑
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| How do anaesthetics work (ex: stitches with no pain)? | show 🗑
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| How do action potentials lead to neurotransmitter release (2 steps)? | show 🗑
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| show | Rate coding
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| An output spike is a response to the coincidence of many ____ inputs arriving simultaneously. | show 🗑
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| Neurons are not driven by other, single neurons, but instead by activity patterns over a ____. | show 🗑
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| show | Local coding
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| show | Theory that the brain might contain a single unique cell for your grandmother and presumably a single unique cell for every other familial individual in your life experience: a local code of one unique cell to one unique stimulus (theory is wrong).
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| Why is the local coding theory unlikely (2 reasons)? | show 🗑
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| show | Population coding
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| show | Coalition
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| Name 2 ways in which neurons form into "teams" to cooperate in a distributed coalition. | show 🗑
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| show | synapses
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| Neurotransmitters diffuse across the ______ and bind to _____ on the postsynaptic target. | show 🗑
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| Dendrites decode information by responding with small graded voltage changes to neurotransmitter behaviour on the membrane; the dendrites and some sum these signals. Output depends on whether the summed voltage reaches ____ for initiating a spike. | show 🗑
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| A neuron decodes information not with single spikes, but instead in its frequency of firing (_______). | show 🗑
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| Individually, neurons are ____; collectively, they can be precise. | show 🗑
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| show | populations, transient (imparmanent)
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